8.4总复习题
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讲义正文
A 组习题
总复习题
A组
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【2001上海春16改编】若数列\(\displaystyle \left \{ a_n \right \}\)前8项的值各异,且对任意正整数\(\displaystyle n\),有\(\displaystyle a_{n+8}=a_n\),则下列数列中可取遍\(\displaystyle \left \{ a_n \right \}\)前8项值的是
2. 【2017全国I卷12】 几位大学生响应国家的创业号召,开发了一款应用软件. 为激发大家学习数学的兴趣,他们推出了“解数学题获取软件激活码”的活动. 这款软件的激活码为下面数学问题的答案:已知数列\(\displaystyle 1,1,2,1,2,4,1,2,4,8,1,2,4,8,16,\cdots\),其中第一项是\(\displaystyle 2^0\),接下来的两项是\(\displaystyle 2^0,2^1\),再接下来的三项是\(\displaystyle 2^0,2^1,2^2\),依次类推. 求满足如下条件的最小整数\(\displaystyle N\):\(\displaystyle N>100\)且该数列的前\(\displaystyle N\)项和为\(\displaystyle 2\)的整数幂,那么该款软件的激活码是- \(\displaystyle \left \{ a_{3k+1} \right \}\)
- \(\displaystyle \left \{ a_{4k+1} \right \}\)
- \(\displaystyle \left \{ a_{5k+1} \right \}\)
- \(\displaystyle \left \{ a_{6k+1} \right \}\)
- \(\displaystyle 440\)
- \(\displaystyle 330\)
- \(\displaystyle 220\)
- \(\displaystyle 110\)
答案
思路1:当\(\displaystyle \frac{k\left(k+1\right)}2<n\leqslant\frac{\left(k+1\right)\left(k+2\right)}2\)时,\(\displaystyle a_n=2^{n-\frac{k\left(k+1\right)}2-1}\). 前\(\displaystyle \frac{k\left(k+1\right)}2\)项和为: $\(\displaystyle S_{\frac{k\left(k+1\right)}2}=\sum_{j=0}^{k-1}\sum_{i=0}^j2^i=\sum_{j=0}^{k-1}\left(2^{j+1}-1\right)=2\left(2^k-1\right)-k=2^{k+1}-k-2.\)$
所以当\(\displaystyle \frac{k\left(k+1\right)}2<n\leqslant\frac{\left(k+1\right)\left(k+2\right)}2\)时,前\(\displaystyle n\)项和为 $\(\displaystyle \begin{aligned} S_n&=S_{\frac{k\left(k+1\right)}2}+\sum_{i=\frac{k\left(k+1\right)}2+1}^na_i\\ &=2^{k+1}-k-2+\sum_{i=0}^{n-\frac{k\left(k+1\right)}2-1}2^i\\ &=2^{k+1}-k-2+\left(2^{n-\frac{k\left(k+1\right)}2}-1\right). \end{aligned}\)$
由于\(\displaystyle n\leqslant\frac{\left(k+1\right)\left(k+2\right)}2\),所以\(\displaystyle S_n\leqslant2^{k+1}-k-3+2^{k+1}<2^{k+2}\),另一方面\(\displaystyle n\geqslant\frac{k\left(k+1\right)}2+1\),且\(\displaystyle 2^k=\left(1+1\right)^k\geqslant\mathrm{C}_k^1+\mathrm{C}_k^0=k+1\),则\(\displaystyle S_n>2^{k+1}-k-2+1=2^k+2^k-k-1\geqslant2^k\),所以\(\displaystyle 2^k<S_n<2^{k+2}\).
把前面的\(\displaystyle n\)换为\(\displaystyle N\),要使得\(\displaystyle S_N\)为\(\displaystyle 2\)的整数幂,必须有\(\displaystyle S_N=2^{k+1}\),化简得 $\(\displaystyle 2N-\frac{k\left(k+1\right)}2=k+3,\Rightarrow N=\log_2\left(k+3\right)+\frac{k\left(k+1\right)}2.\)$
由于\(\displaystyle N\)为正整数,所以必须有\(\displaystyle k+3\)是\(\displaystyle 2\)的幂次,即\(\displaystyle k\in\left\{1,5,13,29,61,\cdots\right\}\),相应地\(\displaystyle N\in\left\{3,18,82,440,1897,\cdots\right\}\). 所以满足\(\displaystyle N>100\)的最小正整数\(\displaystyle N\)为\(\displaystyle 440\).
思路2:由题意,数列分段给出,第\(\displaystyle n\)段是首项为\(\displaystyle 1\)、公比为\(\displaystyle 2\)的等比数列,因此前\(\displaystyle n\)段包含的项数为\(\displaystyle 1+2+\cdots+n=\frac{n\left(n+1\right)}2\),这些项的和为 $\(\displaystyle 2^0+\left(2^0+2^1\right)+\cdots+\left(2^0+2^1+\cdots+2^{n-1}\right)=\left(2^1-1\right)+\left(2^2-1\right)+\cdots+\left(2^n-1\right)=2^{n+1}-n-2.\)$
设所求的\(\displaystyle N\)项中包含完整的\(\displaystyle n\)段等比数列以及第\(\displaystyle n+1\)段等比数列的前\(\displaystyle k\)项,则 $\(\displaystyle N=\frac{n\left(n+1\right)}2+k>100,\)$ $\(\displaystyle 2^0+2^1+\cdots+2^{k-1}=n+2,\quad k<n+1,\)$ 且使得\(\displaystyle N\)的取值最小. 这等价于求\(\displaystyle n\)和\(\displaystyle k\)满足 $\(\displaystyle N=\frac{n\left(n+1\right)}2+k>100,\quad n+3=2^k,\quad k<n+1,\)$ 且使得\(\displaystyle N\)的取值最小.
于是,\(\displaystyle n=2^k-3\),故 $\(\displaystyle N=\frac{\left(2^k-3\right)\left(2^k-2\right)}2+k.\)$
要使得\(\displaystyle N>100\)且取值最小,只需求\(\displaystyle k\)的最小值,使得\(\displaystyle N>100\). 当\(\displaystyle k=4\)时,\(\displaystyle N=95<100\),不符合题意;当\(\displaystyle k=5\)时,\(\displaystyle N=440\),此时\(\displaystyle n=29\),故满足条件的最小整数\(\displaystyle N\)为\(\displaystyle 440\).
由于该款软件的激活码就是\(\displaystyle N\)的值,因此该款软件的激活码为\(\displaystyle 440\). 故选A.
思路3:以\(\displaystyle S_N\)记数列的前\(\displaystyle N\)项和. 由题意,数列的前\(\displaystyle 110\)项为 $\(\displaystyle 2^0,2^0,2^1,\cdots,2^0,2^1,\cdots,2^{13},2^0,2^1,2^2,2^3,2^4,\)$ 所以 $\(\displaystyle \begin{aligned} S_{110}&=2^0+\left(2^0+2^1\right)+\cdots+\left(2^0+2^1+\cdots+2^{13}\right)+\left(2^0+2^1+2^2+2^3+2^4\right)\\ &=\left(2^1-1\right)+\left(2^2-1\right)+\cdots+\left(2^{14}-1\right)+\left(2^5-1\right)\\ &=\left(2^1+2^2+\cdots+2^{14}\right)-14+31\\ &=2^{15}+15. \end{aligned}\)$
这是一个奇数,不可能是\(\displaystyle 2\)的整数幂. 故选项D不正确.
同理, $\(\displaystyle S_{220}=2^0+\left(2^0+2^1\right)+\cdots+\left(2^0+2^1+\cdots+2^{19}\right)+\left(2^0+2^1+\cdots+2^9\right)=2^{21}+2^{10}-23,\)$ 这是一个奇数,不可能是\(\displaystyle 2\)的整数幂. 故选项C不正确;
又 $\(\displaystyle S_{330}=2^0+\left(2^0+2^1\right)+\cdots+\left(2^0+2^1+\cdots+2^{24}\right)+\left(2^0+2^1+2^2+2^3+2^4\right)=2^{26}+4,\)$ 也不是\(\displaystyle 2\)的整数幂. 故选项B也不正确.
所以,正确选项为A.
【实测数据】阅卷数据如下.
\[\displaystyle \begin{array}{c|cccccc} \text{地区}&\text{难度}&\text{区分度}&\text{选A}&\text{选B}&\text{选C}&\text{选D}\\ \hline \text{河南理}&0.20&0.16&19.84\%&26.01\%&40.56\%&13.43\%\\ \text{福建理}&0.26&0.15&25.71\%&28.22\%&33.03\%&12.83\% \end{array}\]- 【2010湖南理15】 数列 \(\displaystyle \{a_n\}\) 满足:对任意正整数 \(\displaystyle n\), 只有有限个正整数 \(\displaystyle m\) 使得 \(\displaystyle a_m < n\) 成立, 记这样的 \(\displaystyle m\) 的个数为 \(\displaystyle (a_n)^*\), 得到一个新数列 \(\displaystyle \{(a_n)^*\}\). 已知数列\(\displaystyle \{b_n\}\)的通项公式为\(\displaystyle b_n=n^2\),求 \(\displaystyle (b_5)^*\)的值与\(\displaystyle ((a_n)^*)^*\)的通项公式。
- 【2013新课标I卷12】设\(\displaystyle \Delta A_nB_nC_n\)的三边长为\(\displaystyle a_n,b_n,c_n\),\(\displaystyle \Delta A_nB_nC_n\)的面积为\(\displaystyle S_n,n=1,2,3\cdots\),若\(\displaystyle b_1>c_1,b_1+c_1=2a_1,a_{n+1}=a_n,b_{n+1}=\frac{c_n+a_n}{2},c_{n+1}=\frac{b_n+a_n}{2}\),则
5. 【2013湖南文15】对于\(\displaystyle E=\left \{ a_1,a_2,\cdots ,a_{100}\right \}\)的子集\(\displaystyle X=\left \{ a_{i_1},a_{i_2},\cdots ,a_{i_k} \right \}\),定义\(\displaystyle X\)的“特征数列”为\(\displaystyle x_1,x_2,\cdots ,x_{100}\),其中\(\displaystyle x_{i_1}=x_{i_2}=\cdots=x_{i_k}=1\),其余项均为0。若\(\displaystyle E\)的子集\(\displaystyle P\)的“特征数列”\(\displaystyle p_1,p_2,\cdots ,p_{100}\)满足\(\displaystyle p_i+p_{i+1}=1,1\leqslant i\leqslant 99\),\(\displaystyle E\)的子集\(\displaystyle Q\)的“特征数列”\(\displaystyle q_1,q_2,\cdots ,q_{100}\)满足\(\displaystyle q_1=1,q_j+q_{j+1}+q_{j+2}=1,1\leqslant j\leqslant 98\),求\(\displaystyle |P\cap Q|\)。 6. 【2026汕头一模14】排列\(\displaystyle 1,2,\cdots 37\)这37个整数得到数列\(\displaystyle \left \{ a_n \right \}\),记其前\(\displaystyle n\)项和为\(\displaystyle S_n\),已知\(\displaystyle a_1=37\),且\(\displaystyle \forall 1\leqslant n\leqslant 36,n\in\mathbb{N^*}:a_{n+1}\mid S_n\),求\(\displaystyle a_{37}\)。 7. 【2024新高考I卷19】设\(\displaystyle m\)为正整数,数列\(\displaystyle a_1,a_2,\dots a_{4m+2}\)是公差不为0的等差数列,若从中删去两项\(\displaystyle a_i\)和\(\displaystyle a_j(i<j)\)后剩余的\(\displaystyle 4m\)项可被平均分为\(\displaystyle m\)组,且每组的4个数都能构成等差数列,则称数列\(\displaystyle a_1,a_2,\dots a_{4m+2}\)是\(\displaystyle (i,j)\)可分数列。- \(\displaystyle \left \{ S_n \right \}\)为递减数列
- \(\displaystyle \left \{ S_n \right \}\)为递增数列
- \(\displaystyle \left \{ S_{2n-1} \right \}\)为递增数列,\(\displaystyle \left \{ S_{2n} \right \}\)为递减数列
- \(\displaystyle \left \{ S_{2n-1} \right \}\)为递减数列,\(\displaystyle \left \{ S_{2n} \right \}\)为递增数列
(1)写出所有的\(\displaystyle (i,j),1\leqslant i<j\leqslant 6\),使得数列\(\displaystyle a_1,a_2,\dots a_6\)是\(\displaystyle (i,j)\)可分数列;
(2)当\(\displaystyle m\geqslant 3\)时,证明:\(\displaystyle a_1,a_2,\dots a_{4m+2}\)数列是\(\displaystyle (2,13)\)可分数列; 8. 【2009北京文20】设数列\(\displaystyle \left \{ a_n\right \}\)的通项公式为\(\displaystyle a_n=pn+q\),数列\(\displaystyle \{b_m\}\)定义如下:对于正整数\(\displaystyle m\),\(\displaystyle b_m\)是使得不等式\(\displaystyle a_n\geqslant m\)成立的所有\(\displaystyle n\)中的最小值。 1. 若\(\displaystyle p=2,q=-1\),求数列\(\displaystyle \left \{ b_m\right \}\)的前\(\displaystyle 2m\)项和公式; 2. 是否存在\(\displaystyle p\)和\(\displaystyle q\),使得\(\displaystyle b_m=3m+2\)?若存在,求\(\displaystyle p\)和\(\displaystyle q\)的取值范围,否则请说明理由。
答案
\item (1)由题意得\(\displaystyle a_n=2n-1\)。 对正整数\(\displaystyle m\),由\(\displaystyle a_n\geqslant m\)得\(\displaystyle n\geqslant\frac{m+1}{2}\)。
根据\(\displaystyle b_m\)的定义可知, 当\(\displaystyle m=2k-1\)时,\(\displaystyle b_m=k\left(k\in\mathbb{N}^{*}\right)\); 当\(\displaystyle m=2k\)时,\(\displaystyle b_m=k+1\left(k\in\mathbb{N}^{*}\right)\), 所以 $\(\displaystyle \begin{aligned} b_1+b_2+\cdots+b_{2m} &=\left(b_1+b_3+\cdots+b_{2m-1}\right)+\left(b_2+b_4+\cdots+b_{2m}\right)\\ &=\left(1+2+3+\cdots+m\right)+\left[2+3+4+\cdots+\left(m+1\right)\right]\\ &=\frac{m\left(m+1\right)}{2}+\frac{m\left(m+3\right)}{2}\\ &=m^2+2m. \end{aligned}\)$
(2)假设存在\(\displaystyle p,q\)满足条件,由不等式\(\displaystyle pn+q\geqslant m\)及\(\displaystyle p>0\)得\(\displaystyle n\geqslant\frac{m-q}{p}\)。
因为\(\displaystyle b_m=3m+2\left(m\in\mathbb{N}^{*}\right)\),由\(\displaystyle b_m\)的定义可知,对于任意的正整数\(\displaystyle m\)都有 $\(\displaystyle 3m+1<\frac{m-q}{p}\leqslant3m+2.\)$
即\(\displaystyle -2p-q\leqslant\left(3p-1\right)m<-p-q\)对任意的正整数\(\displaystyle m\)都成立。
当\(\displaystyle 3p-1>0\)(或\(\displaystyle 3p-1<0\))时,得\(\displaystyle m<-\frac{p+q}{3p-1}\)(或\(\displaystyle m\leqslant-\frac{2p+q}{3p-1}\)),这与上述结论矛盾。
当\(\displaystyle 3p-1=0\),即\(\displaystyle p=\frac13\)时,得\(\displaystyle -\frac23-q\leqslant0<-\frac13-q\)。
解得\(\displaystyle -\frac23\leqslant q<-\frac13\)。(经检验符合题意)
所以存在\(\displaystyle p\)和\(\displaystyle q\),使得\(\displaystyle b_m=3m+2\left(m\in\mathbb{N}^{*}\right)\);\(\displaystyle p\)和\(\displaystyle q\)的取值范围分别是\(\displaystyle p=\frac13\),\(\displaystyle -\frac23\leqslant q<-\frac13\)。
Fiddie评:实测数据如下:
本题文科难度为 0.12,其中海淀区难度为 0.18。得分分布如下: $\(\displaystyle \begin{array}{c|ccccccc} 得分&0&1&2&3&4&5&6\\ \hline 占比&50.87\%&15.73\%&3.52\%&15.53\%&4.92\%&1.64\%&1.40\% \end{array}\)$ $\(\displaystyle \begin{array}{c|ccccccc} 得分&7&8&9&10&11&12&13\\ \hline 占比&0.88\%&3.04\%&1.95\%&0.10\%&0.24\%&0.07\%&0.12\% \end{array}\)$
全市满分人数为 33 人。
易错警示:
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第一问中不理解题意,没有意识到\(\displaystyle b_m\in\mathbb{N}^{*}\),得到\(\displaystyle b_3=\frac{20}{3}\);
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第二问中得到\(\displaystyle 2n-1\geqslant2m\),计算出\(\displaystyle n\geqslant\frac{2m+1}{2}\);
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第二问中虽然得到了\(\displaystyle n\geqslant\frac{m+1}{2}\),但没有对\(\displaystyle m\)的奇偶进行讨论的意识,或者讨论出错;
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一一列举出“\(\displaystyle 1+2+2+3+3+\cdots+m+m+m+1\)”,但最后通项出错,或者还有尽管列举正确,但是由于项数不清和公式不熟导致求和出错;
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对题目中“\(\displaystyle n\)中的最小值”理解不清,第三问得到了\(\displaystyle n\geqslant\frac{m-q}{p}\),\(\displaystyle \frac{m-q}{p}\leqslant3m+2\)但没有考虑到\(\displaystyle \frac{m-q}{p}>3m+1\)。
- 【2014安徽理21】设实数 \(\displaystyle c>0\), 整数 \(\displaystyle p>1, n \in \mathbb{N}^*\)。
- 证明: 当 \(\displaystyle x>-1\) 且 \(\displaystyle x \neq 0\) 时, \(\displaystyle (1+x)^p>1+px\);
- 数列 \(\displaystyle \{a_n\}\) 满足 \(\displaystyle a_1>c^{\frac{1}{p}}\), \(\displaystyle a_{n+1}=\frac{p-1}{p}a_n+\frac{c}{p}a_n^{1-p}\), 证明: \(\displaystyle a_n>a_{n+1}>c^{\frac{1}{p}}\)。
答案
新答案(来源:321-340已有结论放缩与数列不等式.md): 1. 问一个思路是利用\(\displaystyle \left(1\right)\)问结论,但说实话如果没做过类似的题目是很难看出联系的,为了证明\(\displaystyle a_n>c^{\frac{1}{p}}\),需要对递推公式进行一定的变形来将\(\displaystyle a_n\)和\(\displaystyle c^{\frac{1}{p}}\)更直观的联系起来,再考虑到要证明\(\displaystyle \left\{a_n\right\}\)单调递减,由此想到对相邻两项作商,这样既能便于证明\(\displaystyle \left\{a_n\right\}\)单调递减,还能“剥离”出一个\(\displaystyle \frac{c}{a_n^p}\)的形式:
新答案(来源:4.3 多个量词的问题(2)数列.md):(1)设满足题设的等比数列为\(\displaystyle \left\{a_n\right\}\),则\(\displaystyle a_n=\left(-\frac{1}{2}\right)^{n-1}\).于是 $\(\displaystyle \left|a_n-a_{n-1}\right|=\left|\left(-\frac{1}{2}\right)^{n-1}-\left(-\frac{1}{2}\right)^{n-2}\right|=\frac{3}{2}\times\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^{n-2},n\geqslant2.\)$ 因此 $\(\displaystyle \left|a_{n+1}-a_n\right|+\left|a_n-a_{n-1}\right|+\cdots+\left|a_2-a_1\right|=\frac{3}{2}\left[1+\frac{1}{2}+\cdots+\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^{n-1}\right]=3\times\left[1-\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^n\right]<3.\)$ 故首项为\(\displaystyle 1\),公比为\(\displaystyle -\frac{1}{2}\)的等比数列是B-数列.
(2)命题1:若数列\(\displaystyle \left\{x_n\right\}\)是B-数列,则数列\(\displaystyle \left\{S_n\right\}\)是B-数列.此命题为假命题.
事实上,设\(\displaystyle x_n=1\),\(\displaystyle n\in\mathbb{N}^{*}\),则数列\(\displaystyle \left\{x_n\right\}\)是B-数列.但\(\displaystyle S_n=n\),此时 $\(\displaystyle \left|S_{n+1}-S_n\right|+\left|S_n-S_{n-1}\right|+\cdots+\left|S_2-S_1\right|=n.\)$ 由\(\displaystyle n\)的任意性可知,数列\(\displaystyle \left\{S_n\right\}\)不是B-数列.
命题2:若数列\(\displaystyle \left\{S_n\right\}\)是B-数列,则数列\(\displaystyle \left\{x_n\right\}\)是B-数列.此为真命题.
事实上,因为数列\(\displaystyle \left\{S_n\right\}\)是B-数列,所以存在正数\(\displaystyle M\),对任意\(\displaystyle n\in\mathbb{N}^{*}\),有 $\(\displaystyle \left|S_{n+1}-S_n\right|+\left|S_n-S_{n-1}\right|+\cdots+\left|S_2-S_1\right|\leqslant M,\)$ 即\(\displaystyle \left|x_{n+1}\right|+\left|x_n\right|+\cdots+\left|x_2\right|\leqslant M\).于是 $\(\displaystyle \left|x_{n+1}-x_n\right|+\left|x_n-x_{n-1}\right|+\cdots+\left|x_2-x_1\right|\)$ $\(\displaystyle \leqslant\left|x_{n+1}\right|+2\left|x_n\right|+2\left|x_{n-1}\right|+\cdots+2\left|x_2\right|+\left|x_1\right|\leqslant2M+\left|x_1\right|.\)$ 所以数列\(\displaystyle \left\{x_n\right\}\)是B-数列.
(注:按题中要求组成其他命题解答时,仿上述解法.)
(3)若数列\(\displaystyle \left\{a_n\right\}\)是B-数列,则存在正数\(\displaystyle M\),使得对任意\(\displaystyle n\in\mathbb{N}^{*}\),有 $\(\displaystyle \left|a_{n+1}-a_n\right|+\left|a_n-a_{n-1}\right|+\cdots+\left|a_2-a_1\right|\leqslant M.\)$ 因为 $\(\displaystyle \left|a_n\right|=\left|a_n-a_{n-1}+a_{n-1}-a_{n-2}+\cdots+a_2-a_1+a_1\right|\)$ $\(\displaystyle \leqslant\left|a_n-a_{n-1}\right|+\left|a_{n-1}-a_{n-2}\right|+\cdots+\left|a_2-a_1\right|+\left|a_1\right|\leqslant M+\left|a_1\right|.\)$ 记\(\displaystyle K=M+\left|a_1\right|\),则有 $\(\displaystyle \left|a_{n+1}^2-a_n^2\right|=\left|\left(a_{n+1}+a_n\right)\left(a_{n+1}-a_n\right)\right|\leqslant\left(\left|a_{n+1}\right|+\left|a_n\right|\right)\left|a_{n+1}-a_n\right|\leqslant2K\left|a_{n+1}-a_n\right|.\)$ 因此 $\(\displaystyle \left|a_{n+1}^2-a_n^2\right|+\left|a_n^2-a_{n-1}^2\right|+\cdots+\left|a_2^2-a_1^2\right|\leqslant2KM.\)$ 故数列\(\displaystyle \left\{a_n^2\right\}\)是B-数列.
【解题思路】解第(1)问时,只需写出等比数列的通项公式,代入"B-数列"定义中不等式的左边,再由等比数列的前\(\displaystyle n\)项和公式得出结论.
第(2)问是一个开放型问题,\(\displaystyle A\),\(\displaystyle B\)两组共组成八种命题,考生可以根据自身的思维习惯任取一命题进行判断和证明,若选③\(\displaystyle \Rightarrow\)①,②\(\displaystyle \Rightarrow\)④两组真命题,则对其证明要求比较高;若选①\(\displaystyle \Rightarrow\)③,则只需举一个简单的反例即可判断并证明其真假,如取\(\displaystyle x_n=1\),则\(\displaystyle \left\{x_n\right\}\)是B-数列,\(\displaystyle \left\{S_n\right\}\)不是B-数列.
解第(3)问时,首先证明B-数列是有界数列,然后根据 $\(\displaystyle \left|a_n^2-a_{n-1}^2\right|\leqslant\left(\left|a_n\right|+\left|a_{n-1}\right|\right)\left(\left|a_n-a_{n-1}\right|\right)\)$ 得出结论.
【实测数据】本题文科难度为\(\displaystyle 0.066\).
新答案(来源:4.3 多个量词的问题(2)数列.md):首先证明一个"基本事实":
一个等差数列中,若有连续三项成等比数列,则这个数列的公差\(\displaystyle d_0=0\).
事实上,设这个数列中的连续三项\(\displaystyle a-d_0\),\(\displaystyle a\),\(\displaystyle a+d_0\)成等比数列,则 $\(\displaystyle a^2=\left(a-d_0\right)\left(a+d_0\right),\)$ 由此得\(\displaystyle d_0=0\).
(1)(ⅰ)当\(\displaystyle n=4\)时,由于数列的公差\(\displaystyle d\ne0\),故由"基本事实"推知,删去的项只可能为\(\displaystyle a_2\)或\(\displaystyle a_3\).
①若删去\(\displaystyle a_2\),则由\(\displaystyle a_1,a_3,a_4\)成等比数列,得\(\displaystyle \left(a_1+2d\right)^2=a_1\left(a_1+3d\right)\).
因\(\displaystyle d\ne0\),故由上式得\(\displaystyle a_1=-4d\),即\(\displaystyle \frac{a_1}{d}=-4\),此时数列为\(\displaystyle -4d,-3d,-2d,-d\),满足题设.
②若删去\(\displaystyle a_3\),则由\(\displaystyle a_1,a_2,a_4\)成等比数列,得\(\displaystyle \left(a_1+d\right)^2=a_1\left(a_1+3d\right)\).
因\(\displaystyle d\ne0\),故由上式得\(\displaystyle a_1=d\),即\(\displaystyle \frac{a_1}{d}=1\).此时数列为\(\displaystyle d,2d,3d,4d\),满足题设.
综上可知,\(\displaystyle \frac{a_1}{d}\)的值为\(\displaystyle -4\)或\(\displaystyle 1\).
(ⅱ)若\(\displaystyle n\geqslant6\),则从满足题设的数列\(\displaystyle a_1,a_2,\cdots,a_n\)中删去一项后得到的数列,必有原数列中的连续三项,从而这三项既成等差数列又成等比数列,故由"基本事实"知,数列\(\displaystyle a_1,a_2,\cdots,a_n\)的公差必为\(\displaystyle 0\),这与题设矛盾.所以满足题设的数列的项数\(\displaystyle n\leqslant5\).又因题设\(\displaystyle n\geqslant4\),故\(\displaystyle n=4\)或\(\displaystyle 5\).
当\(\displaystyle n=4\)时,由(ⅰ)中的讨论知存在满足题设的数列.
当\(\displaystyle n=5\)时,若存在满足题设的数列\(\displaystyle a_1,a_2,a_3,a_4,a_5\),则由"基本事实"知,删去的项只能是\(\displaystyle a_3\),
从而\(\displaystyle a_1,a_2,a_4,a_5\)成等比数列,故 $\(\displaystyle \left(a_1+d\right)^2=a_1\left(a_1+3d\right),\)$ 及 $\(\displaystyle \left(a_1+3d\right)^2=\left(a_1+d\right)\left(a_1+4d\right).\)$ 分别化简上述两个等式,得\(\displaystyle a_1d=d^2\)及\(\displaystyle a_1d=-5d^2\),故\(\displaystyle d=0\),矛盾.因此,不存在满足题设的项数为\(\displaystyle 5\)的等差数列.
综上可知,\(\displaystyle n\)只能为\(\displaystyle 4\).
(2)假设对于某个正整数\(\displaystyle n\),存在一个公差为\(\displaystyle d'\)的\(\displaystyle n\)项等差数列\(\displaystyle b_1,b_1+d',\cdots,b_1+\left(n-1\right)d'\left(b_1d'\ne0\right)\),其中三项\(\displaystyle b_1+m_1d', b_1+m_2d', b_1+m_3d'\)成等比数列,这里\(\displaystyle 0\leqslant m_1<m_2<m_3\leqslant n-1\).则有 $\(\displaystyle \left(b_1+m_2d'\right)^2=\left(b_1+m_1d'\right)\left(b_1+m_3d'\right),\)$ 化简得 $\(\displaystyle \left(m_1+m_3-2m_2\right)b_1d'=\left(m_2^2-m_1m_3\right)\left(d'\right)^2.\)$ (*)
由\(\displaystyle b_1d'\ne0\)知,\(\displaystyle m_1+m_3-2m_2\)与\(\displaystyle m_2^2-m_1m_3\)或同时为零,或均不为零.
若\(\displaystyle m_1+m_3-2m_2=0\),且\(\displaystyle m_2^2-m_1m_3=0\),则有\(\displaystyle \left(\frac{m_1+m_3}{2}\right)^2-m_1m_3=0\),
即\(\displaystyle \left(m_1-m_3\right)^2=0\),得\(\displaystyle m_1=m_3\),从而\(\displaystyle m_1=m_2=m_3\),矛盾.
因此,\(\displaystyle m_1+m_3-2m_2\)与\(\displaystyle m_2^2-m_1m_3\)都不为零,故由(*)得 $\(\displaystyle \frac{b_1}{d'}=\frac{m_2^2-m_1m_3}{m_1+m_3-2m_2}.\)$ 因为\(\displaystyle m_1,m_2,m_3\)均为非负整数,所以上式右边为有理数,从而\(\displaystyle \frac{b_1}{d'}\)是一个有理数.
于是,对于任意的正整数\(\displaystyle n\geqslant4\),只要取\(\displaystyle \frac{b_1}{d'}\)为无理数,则相应的数列\(\displaystyle b_1,b_2,\cdots,b_n\)就是满足要求的数列.例如,取\(\displaystyle b_1=1\),\(\displaystyle d'=\sqrt{2}\),那么,\(\displaystyle n\)项数列\(\displaystyle 1,1+\sqrt{2},1+2\sqrt{2},\cdots,1+\left(n-1\right)\sqrt{2}\)满足要求.
【解题思路】第(2)问在解答时也可以先给出数列\(\displaystyle 1,1+\sqrt{2},1+2\sqrt{2},\cdots,1+\left(n-1\right)\sqrt{2}\)(只要公差为无理数均可),然后再证明其中任意三项都不构成等比数列(最终会得出\(\displaystyle \sqrt{2}\)等于一个有理数的形式,就导出矛盾).
新答案(来源:4.3 多个量词的问题(2)数列.md):(1)设等比数列\(\displaystyle \left\{a_n\right\}\)公比为\(\displaystyle q\),所以\(\displaystyle a_1\ne0\),\(\displaystyle q\ne0\).
由 $\(\displaystyle \begin{cases} a_2a_4=a_5,\\ a_3-4a_2+4a_1=0, \end{cases}\)$ 得 $\(\displaystyle \begin{cases} a_1^2q^4=a_1q^4,\\ a_1q^2-4a_1q+4a_1=0, \end{cases}\)$ 解得 $\(\displaystyle \begin{cases} a_1=1,\\ q=2. \end{cases}\)$ 因此数列\(\displaystyle \left\{a_n\right\}\)为"M-数列".
(2)①因为\(\displaystyle \frac{1}{S_n}=\frac{2}{b_n}-\frac{2}{b_{n+1}}\),所以\(\displaystyle b_n\ne0\).
由\(\displaystyle b_1=1\),\(\displaystyle S_1=1\),得\(\displaystyle \frac{1}{1}=\frac{2}{1}-\frac{2}{b_2}\),则\(\displaystyle b_2=2\).
由\(\displaystyle \frac{1}{S_n}=\frac{2}{b_n}-\frac{2}{b_{n+1}}\),得\(\displaystyle S_n=\frac{b_nb_{n+1}}{2\left(b_{n+1}-b_n\right)}\),
当\(\displaystyle n\geqslant2\)时,由\(\displaystyle b_n=S_n-S_{n-1}\),得\(\displaystyle b_n=\frac{b_nb_{n+1}}{2\left(b_{n+1}-b_n\right)}-\frac{b_{n-1}b_n}{2\left(b_n-b_{n-1}\right)}\),
整理得\(\displaystyle b_{n+1}+b_{n-1}=2b_n\).
所以数列\(\displaystyle \left\{b_n\right\}\)是首项和公差均为\(\displaystyle 1\)的等差数列.
因此,数列\(\displaystyle \left\{b_n\right\}\)的通项公式为\(\displaystyle b_n=n\left(n\in\mathbb{N}^{*}\right)\).
②由①知,\(\displaystyle b_k=k\),\(\displaystyle k\in\mathbb{N}^{*}\).
因为数列\(\displaystyle \left\{c_n\right\}\)为"M-数列",设公比为\(\displaystyle q\),所以\(\displaystyle c_1=1\),\(\displaystyle q>0\).
因为\(\displaystyle c_k\leqslant b_k\leqslant c_{k+1}\),所以\(\displaystyle q^{k-1}\leqslant k\leqslant q^k\),其中\(\displaystyle k=1,2,3,\cdots,m\).
当\(\displaystyle k=1\)时,有\(\displaystyle q\geqslant1\);
当\(\displaystyle k=2,3,\cdots,m\)时,有\(\displaystyle \frac{\ln k}{k}\leqslant\ln q\leqslant\frac{\ln k}{k-1}\).
令\(\displaystyle f\left(x\right)=\frac{\ln x}{x}\left(x>1\right)\),则\(\displaystyle f'\left(x\right)=\frac{1-\ln x}{x^2}\).
令\(\displaystyle f'\left(x\right)=0\),得\(\displaystyle x=\mathrm{e}\).列表如下:
\[\displaystyle \begin{array}{c|ccc} x & \left(1,\mathrm{e}\right) & \mathrm{e} & \left(\mathrm{e},+\infty\right)\\ \hline f'\left(x\right) & + & 0 & -\\ f\left(x\right) & \nearrow & \text{极大值} & \searrow \end{array}\]因为\(\displaystyle \frac{\ln2}{2}=\frac{\ln8}{6}<\frac{\ln9}{6}=\frac{\ln3}{3}\),所以\(\displaystyle f\left(k\right)_{\max}=f\left(3\right)=\frac{\ln3}{3}\).
取\(\displaystyle q=\sqrt[3]{3}\),当\(\displaystyle k=1,2,3,4,5\)时,\(\displaystyle \frac{\ln k}{k}\leqslant\ln q\),即\(\displaystyle k\leqslant q^k\),经检验知\(\displaystyle q^{k-1}\leqslant k\)也成立.因此所求\(\displaystyle m\)的最大值不小于\(\displaystyle 5\).
若\(\displaystyle m\geqslant6\),分别取\(\displaystyle k=3,6\),得\(\displaystyle 3\leqslant q^3\),且\(\displaystyle q^5\leqslant6\),从而\(\displaystyle q^{15}\geqslant243\),\(\displaystyle q^{15}\leqslant216\),所以\(\displaystyle q\)不存在.因此所求\(\displaystyle m\)的最大值小于\(\displaystyle 6\).
综上,所求\(\displaystyle m\)的最大值为\(\displaystyle 5\).
新答案(来源:321-340已有结论放缩与数列不等式.md):- 令\(\displaystyle f\left(x\right)=\left(1+x\right)^p-px-1\),\(\displaystyle f'\left(x\right)=p\left[\left(1+x\right)^{p-1}-1\right]\)。
- 【2009湖南理21】对于数列 \(\displaystyle \{u_n\}\), 若存在常数 \(\displaystyle M>0\), 对任意的 \(\displaystyle n \in \mathbb{N}^*\), 恒有 \(\displaystyle |u_{n+1}-u_n| + |u_n-u_{n-1}| + \cdots + |u_2-u_1| \leqslant M\), 则称数列 \(\displaystyle \{u_n\}\) 为 \(\displaystyle B-\) 数列。
- 首项为 \(\displaystyle 1\), 公比为 \(\displaystyle q\) (\(\displaystyle |q|<1\)) 的等比数列是否为 \(\displaystyle B-\) 数列? 请说明理由;
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设 \(\displaystyle S_n\) 是数列 \(\displaystyle \{x_n\}\) 的前 \(\displaystyle n\) 项和, 给出下列两组 论断:
$\displaystyle A$ 组: (1) 数列 $\displaystyle \{x_n\}$ 是 $\displaystyle B-$ 数列 (2) 数列 $\displaystyle \{x_n\}$ 不是 $\displaystyle B-$ 数列\(\displaystyle B\) 组: (3) 数列 \(\displaystyle \{S_n\}\) 是 \(\displaystyle B-\) 数列 (4) 数列 \(\displaystyle \{S_n\}\) 不是 \(\displaystyle B-\) 数列
请以其中一组中的一个论断为条件, 另一组中的一个论断为结论组成一个命题. 判断所给命题的真假, 并证明你的结论; 3. 若数列 \(\displaystyle \{a_n\},\{b_n\}\) 都是 \(\displaystyle B-\) 数列, 证明: 数列 \(\displaystyle \{a_nb_n\}\) 也是 \(\displaystyle B-\) 数列。 11. 【2008江苏19】
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设 \(\displaystyle a_1,a_2,\cdots,a_n\) 是各项均不为零的 \(\displaystyle n\) (\(\displaystyle n \geqslant 4\)) 项等差数列, 且公差 \(\displaystyle d \neq 0\). 若将此数列删去某一项得到的数列 (按原来的顺序) 是等比数列。 1. 当 \(\displaystyle n=4\) 时, 求 \(\displaystyle \frac{a_1}{d}\) 的值;
- 求 \(\displaystyle n\) 的所有可能值;
- 求证: 对于给定的正整数 \(\displaystyle n\) (\(\displaystyle n \geqslant 4\)), 存在一个各项及公差都不为零的等差数列 \(\displaystyle b_1,b_2,\cdots,b_n\), 其中任意三项 (按原来顺序) 都不能组成等比数列。
答案
首先证明一个“基本事实”: 一个等差数列中,若有连续三项成等比数列,则这个数列的公差\(\displaystyle d_0=0\).证明如下:
设这个数列中的连续三项\(\displaystyle a-d_0,a,a+d_0\)成等比数列,则 $\(\displaystyle a^2=\left(a-d_0\right)\left(a+d_0\right),\)$ 由此得\(\displaystyle d_0=0\).
(1.i)当\(\displaystyle n=4\)时,由于数列的公差\(\displaystyle d\neq0\),故由“基本事实”推知,删去的项只可能为\(\displaystyle a_2\)或\(\displaystyle a_3\).
①若删去\(\displaystyle a_2\),则由\(\displaystyle a_1,a_3,a_4\)成等比数列,得\(\displaystyle \left(a_1+2d\right)^2=a_1\left(a_1+3d\right)\).
因\(\displaystyle d\neq0\),故由上式得\(\displaystyle a_1=-4d\),即\(\displaystyle \frac{a_1}d=-4\),此时数列为\(\displaystyle -4d,-3d,-2d,-d\),满足题设.
②若删去\(\displaystyle a_3\),则由\(\displaystyle a_1,a_2,a_4\)成等比数列,得\(\displaystyle \left(a_1+d\right)^2=a_1\left(a_1+3d\right)\).
因\(\displaystyle d\neq0\),故由上式得\(\displaystyle a_1=d\),即\(\displaystyle \frac{a_1}d=1\). 此时数列为\(\displaystyle d,2d,3d,4d\),满足题设.
综上可知,\(\displaystyle \frac{a_1}d\)的值为\(\displaystyle -4\)或\(\displaystyle 1\).
(1.ii)若\(\displaystyle n\geqslant6\),则从满足题设的数列\(\displaystyle a_1,a_2,\cdots,a_n\)中删去一项后得到的数列,必有原数列中的连续三项,从而这三项既成等差数列又成等比数列,故由“基本事实”知,数列\(\displaystyle a_1,a_2,\cdots,a_n\)的公差必为\(\displaystyle 0\),这与题设矛盾. 所以满足题设的数列的项数\(\displaystyle n\leqslant5\). 又因题设\(\displaystyle n\geqslant4\),故\(\displaystyle n=4\)或\(\displaystyle 5\).
当\(\displaystyle n=4\)时,由(1.i)中的讨论知存在满足题设的数列.
当\(\displaystyle n=5\)时,若存在满足题设的数列\(\displaystyle a_1,a_2,a_3,a_4,a_5\),则由“基本事实”知,删去的项只能是\(\displaystyle a_3\),从而\(\displaystyle a_1,a_2,a_4,a_5\)成等比数列,故 $\(\displaystyle \left(a_1+d\right)^2=a_1\left(a_1+3d\right),\)$ 及 $\(\displaystyle \left(a_1+3d\right)^2=\left(a_1+d\right)\left(a_1+4d\right).\)$
分别化简上述两个等式,得\(\displaystyle a_1d=d^2\)及\(\displaystyle a_1d=-5d^2\),故\(\displaystyle d=0\),矛盾. 因此,不存在满足题设的项数为\(\displaystyle 5\)的等差数列.
综上可知,\(\displaystyle n\)只能为\(\displaystyle 4\).
(2)假设对于某个正整数\(\displaystyle n\),存在一个公差为\(\displaystyle d'\)的\(\displaystyle n\)项等差数列\(\displaystyle b_1,b_1+d',\cdots,b_1+\left(n-1\right)d'\left(b_1d'\neq0\right)\),其中三项\(\displaystyle b_1+m_1d',b_1+m_2d',b_1+m_3d'\)成等比数列,这里\(\displaystyle 0\leqslant m_1<m_2<m_3\leqslant n-1\). 则有 $\(\displaystyle \left(b_1+m_2d'\right)^2=\left(b_1+m_1d'\right)\left(b_1+m_3d'\right),\)$ 化简得 $\(\displaystyle \left(m_1+m_3-2m_2\right)b_1d'=\left(m_2^2-m_1m_3\right)\left(d'\right)^2. \quad \left(*\right)\)$
由\(\displaystyle b_1d'\neq0\)知,\(\displaystyle m_1+m_3-2m_2\)与\(\displaystyle m_2^2-m_1m_3\)或同时为零,或均不为零.
若\(\displaystyle m_1+m_3-2m_2=0\),且\(\displaystyle m_2^2-m_1m_3=0\),则有\(\displaystyle \left(\frac{m_1+m_3}2\right)^2-m_1m_3=0\),即\(\displaystyle \left(m_1-m_3\right)^2=0\),得\(\displaystyle m_1=m_3\),从而\(\displaystyle m_1=m_2=m_3\),矛盾.
因此,\(\displaystyle m_1+m_3-2m_2\)与\(\displaystyle m_2^2-m_1m_3\)都不为零,故由\(\displaystyle \left(*\right)\)得 $\(\displaystyle \frac{b_1}{d'}=\frac{m_2^2-m_1m_3}{m_1+m_3-2m_2}.\)$
因为\(\displaystyle m_1,m_2,m_3\)均为非负整数,所以上式右边为有理数,从而\(\displaystyle \frac{b_1}{d'}\)是一个有理数.
于是,对于任意的正整数\(\displaystyle n\geqslant4\),只要取\(\displaystyle \frac{b_1}{d'}\)为无理数,则相应的数列\(\displaystyle b_1,b_2,\cdots,b_n\)就是满足要求的数列. 例如,取\(\displaystyle b_1=1\),\(\displaystyle d'=\sqrt2\),那么,\(\displaystyle n\)项数列\(\displaystyle 1,1+\sqrt2,1+2\sqrt2,\cdots,1+\left(n-1\right)\sqrt2\)满足要求.
评:第(2)问在解答时也可以先给出数列\(\displaystyle 1,1+\sqrt2,1+2\sqrt2,\cdots,1+\left(n-1\right)\sqrt2\)(只要公差为无理数均可),然后再证明其中任意三项都不构成等比数列(最终会得出\(\displaystyle \sqrt2\)等于一个有理数的形式,就导出矛盾).
- 【2019江苏20】定义首项为1且公比为正数的等比数列为“\(\displaystyle M-\)数列”。已知数列\(\displaystyle \left \{ b_n \right \}\)的通项公式为\(\displaystyle b_n=n\)。设\(\displaystyle m\)为正整数,若存在“\(\displaystyle M-\)数列\(\displaystyle \left \{ c_n \right \}\)”,对任意正整数\(\displaystyle k\),当\(\displaystyle k\leqslant m\)时,都有\(\displaystyle c_k\leqslant b_k\leqslant c_{k+1}\)成立,求\(\displaystyle m\)的最大值。
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【2015上海理22】已知数列\(\displaystyle \left \{ a_n \right \}\)与\(\displaystyle \left \{ b_n \right \}\)满足\(\displaystyle a_{n+1}-a_n=2(b_{n+1}-b_n),n\in\mathbb{N^*}\)。
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设\(\displaystyle \left \{ a_n \right \}\)的第\(\displaystyle n_0\)项是最大项,求证:\(\displaystyle \left \{ b_n \right \}\)的第\(\displaystyle n_0\)项是最大项;
- 设\(\displaystyle a_1=\lambda<0,b_n=\lambda^n(n\in\mathbb{N^*})\),求\(\displaystyle \lambda\)的取值范围,使得\(\displaystyle \left \{ a_n \right \}\)有最大值\(\displaystyle M\)与最小值\(\displaystyle m\),且\(\displaystyle \frac{M}{m}\in(-2,2)\)。
B 组习题
习题组II
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【2009上海理23】 已知 \(\displaystyle \{a_n\}\) 是公差为 \(\displaystyle d\) 的等差数列, \(\displaystyle \{b_n\}\) 是公比为 \(\displaystyle q\) 的等比数列。
(1) 若 \(\displaystyle \{a_n\} = 3n+1\), 是否存在 \(\displaystyle m,k \in \mathbb{N}^*\), 有 \(\displaystyle a_m + a_{m+1} = a_k\)? 请说明理由;
(2) 找出所有数列 \(\displaystyle \{a_n\}\) 和 \(\displaystyle \{b_n\}\), 使对一切 \(\displaystyle n \in \mathbb{N}^*\), \(\displaystyle \frac{a_{n+1}}{a_n} = b_n\), 并说明理由;
(3) 若 \(\displaystyle a_1=5,d=4,b_1=q=3\), 试确定所有的 \(\displaystyle p\), 使数列 \(\displaystyle \{a_n\}\) 中存在某个连续 \(\displaystyle p\) 项的和是数列 \(\displaystyle \{b_n\}\) 中的一项, 请证明。 2. 【2011湖南理22】已知函数 \(\displaystyle f(x)=x^3,g(x)=x+\sqrt{x}\)。
(1) 求函数 \(\displaystyle h(x)=f(x)-g(x)\) 的零点个数, 并说明理由;
(2) 设数列 \(\displaystyle \{a_n\}\) (\(\displaystyle n \in \mathbb{N}^*\)) 满足 \(\displaystyle a_1=a\) (\(\displaystyle a>0\)), \(\displaystyle f(a_{n+1})=g(a_n)\), 证明: 存在常数 \(\displaystyle M\), 使得对于任意的 \(\displaystyle n \in \mathbb{N}^*\), 都有 \(\displaystyle a_n \leqslant M\)。
答案
新答案(来源:041-060简单极值最值与极值点零点.md): 1. \(\displaystyle h'\left(x\right)=3x^2-\frac{1}{2\sqrt{x}}-1\),\(\displaystyle h'\left(x\right)\) 在 \(\displaystyle \left(0,+\infty\right)\) 单调递增
$\displaystyle h'\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)<0,h'\left(1\right)>0$,$\displaystyle h'\left(x\right)$ 在 $\displaystyle \left(0,+\infty\right)$ 存在唯一零点 $\displaystyle x=t$,且 $\displaystyle 0<x<t$ 时,$\displaystyle h'\left(x\right)<0$,$\displaystyle h\left(x\right)$ 单调递减,$\displaystyle x>t$ 时,$\displaystyle h'\left(x\right)>0$,$\displaystyle h\left(x\right)$ 单调递增. $\displaystyle h\left(0\right)=0,h\left(t\right)<h\left(0\right)=0,h\left(2\right)>0$,$\displaystyle x=0$ 是 $\displaystyle h\left(x\right)$ 的零点,$\displaystyle h\left(x\right)$ 在 $\displaystyle \left(t,2\right)$ 上有一个零点,综上 $\displaystyle h\left(x\right)$ 共有两个零点.-
由(1)过程知 \(\displaystyle h\left(x\right)\) 在 \(\displaystyle \left(0,+\infty\right)\) 上存在唯一零点 \(\displaystyle x_0\)
① \(\displaystyle a=x_0\)
\(\displaystyle f\left(a_2\right)=g\left(x_0\right)\),由 \(\displaystyle f\left(x\right)\) 在 \(\displaystyle \left(0,+\infty\right)\) 单调递增且 \(\displaystyle f\left(x_0\right)=g\left(x_0\right)\) 可得 \(\displaystyle a_2=x_0\),以此类推 \(\displaystyle \left\{a_n\right\}\) 的每一项都为 \(\displaystyle x_0\),\(\displaystyle \exists M=x_0\) 满足题意;
② \(\displaystyle 0<a<x_0\)
由 \(\displaystyle g\left(x\right)\) 在 \(\displaystyle \left(0,+\infty\right)\) 单调递增可得 \(\displaystyle f\left(a_2\right)=g\left(a\right)<g\left(x_0\right)=f\left(x_0\right)\),进而 \(\displaystyle a_2<x_0\),以此类推 \(\displaystyle \left\{a_n\right\}\) 的每一项都小于 \(\displaystyle x_0\),\(\displaystyle M=x_0\) 满足题意;
③ \(\displaystyle a>x_0\)
由(1)过程知 \(\displaystyle 0<x<x_0\) 时 \(\displaystyle h\left(x\right)<0\) 即 \(\displaystyle f\left(x\right)<g\left(x\right)\),\(\displaystyle x>x_0\) 时 \(\displaystyle h\left(x\right)>0\) 即 \(\displaystyle f\left(x\right)>g\left(x\right)\)
于是 \(\displaystyle f\left(a_2\right)=g\left(a\right)<f\left(a\right)\),进而 \(\displaystyle a_2<a\),以此类推 \(\displaystyle \left\{a_n\right\}\) 的每一项都小于 \(\displaystyle a\),\(\displaystyle \exists M=a\) 满足题意.
综上,存在 \(\displaystyle M\) 满足题意.
新答案(来源:041-060简单极值最值与极值点零点.md):
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显然 \(\displaystyle f_n\left(x\right)\) 在 \(\displaystyle \left(0,+\infty\right)\) 上单调递增,\(\displaystyle f_n\left(1\right)=-1+1=0\),只需证 \(\displaystyle f_n\left(\frac{2}{3}\right)\leqslant 0\):
当 \(\displaystyle x>0\) 时,
\(\displaystyle f_n\left(x\right)\leqslant -1+x+\frac{x^2+x^3+\cdots+x^n}{2^2}=-1+x+\frac{x^2\left(1-x^{n-1}\right)}{4\left(1-x\right)}<-1+x+\frac{x^2}{4\left(1-x\right)}\)
因此 \(\displaystyle f_n\left(\frac{2}{3}\right)<-1+\frac{2}{3}+\frac{\left(\frac{2}{3}\right)^2}{4\left(1-\frac{2}{3}\right)}=0\).
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由 \(\displaystyle f_{n+p}\left(x_n\right)>f_n\left(x_n\right)=f_{n+p}\left(x_{n+p}\right)\) 以及 \(\displaystyle f_{n+p}\left(x\right)\) 在 \(\displaystyle \left(0,+\infty\right)\) 上单调递增可知
\(\displaystyle x_n>x_{n+p}\),下证 \(\displaystyle x_n-x_{n+p}<\frac{1}{n}\):
\[\displaystyle \begin{aligned} f_n\left(x_n\right)-f_{n+p}\left(x_{n+p}\right)=0 &\Rightarrow x_n-x_{n+p}+\frac{x_n^2-x_{n+p}^2}{2^2}+\frac{x_n^3-x_{n+p}^3}{3^2}+\cdots+\frac{x_n^n-x_{n+p}^n}{n^2}\\ &=\frac{x_{n+p}^{n+1}}{\left(n+1\right)^2}+\frac{x_{n+p}^{n+2}}{\left(n+2\right)^2}\cdots+\frac{x_{n+p}^{n+p}}{\left(n+p\right)^2} \end{aligned}\]由 \(\displaystyle x_n>x_{n+p}\) 可得
\[\displaystyle x_n-x_{n+p}<\frac{x_{n+p}^{n+1}}{\left(n+1\right)^2}+\frac{x_{n+p}^{n+2}}{\left(n+2\right)^2}\cdots+\frac{x_{n+p}^{n+p}}{\left(n+p\right)^2}\]\[\displaystyle \frac{x_{n+p}^{n+1}}{\left(n+1\right)^2}+\frac{x_{n+p}^{n+2}}{\left(n+2\right)^2}\cdots+\frac{x_{n+p}^{n+p}}{\left(n+p\right)^2} \leqslant \frac{1}{\left(n+1\right)^2}+\frac{1}{\left(n+2\right)^2}+\cdots+\frac{1}{\left(n+p\right)^2}\]\[\displaystyle <\frac{1}{n\left(n+1\right)}+\frac{1}{\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)}+\cdots+\frac{1}{\left(n+p-1\right)\left(n+p\right)}\]\[\displaystyle =\frac{1}{n}-\frac{1}{n+1}+\frac{1}{n+1}-\frac{1}{n+2}+\cdots+\frac{1}{n+p-1}-\frac{1}{n+p} =\frac{1}{n}-\frac{1}{n+p}<\frac{1}{n}\]综上 \(\displaystyle 0<x_n-x_{n+p}<\frac{1}{n}\).
新答案(来源:3.2 性质的证明(2)数列.md):
(1)因为\(\displaystyle \left\{a_n\right\}\)是等差数列,设其公差为\(\displaystyle d\),则\(\displaystyle a_n=a_1+\left(n-1\right)d\),
从而,当\(\displaystyle n\geqslant4\)时, $\(\displaystyle a_{n-k}+a_{n+k}=a_1+\left(n-k-1\right)d+a_1+\left(n+k-1\right)d=2a_1+2\left(n-1\right)d=2a_n,\)$ $\(\displaystyle k=1,2,3,\)$ 所以\(\displaystyle a_{n-3}+a_{n-2}+a_{n-1}+a_{n+1}+a_{n+2}+a_{n+3}=6a_n\).因此等差数列\(\displaystyle \left\{a_n\right\}\)是"\(\displaystyle P\left(3\right)\)数列".
(2)数列\(\displaystyle \left\{a_n\right\}\)既是"\(\displaystyle P\left(2\right)\)数列",又是"\(\displaystyle P\left(3\right)\)数列",因此,
当\(\displaystyle n\geqslant3\)时,\(\displaystyle a_{n-2}+a_{n-1}+a_{n+1}+a_{n+2}=4a_n\),
①
当\(\displaystyle n\geqslant4\)时,\(\displaystyle a_{n-3}+a_{n-2}+a_{n-1}+a_{n+1}+a_{n+2}+a_{n+3}=6a_n\).
②
由①知,\(\displaystyle a_{n-3}+a_{n-2}=4a_{n-1}-\left(a_n+a_{n+1}\right)\),
③
\(\displaystyle a_{n+2}+a_{n+3}=4a_{n+1}-\left(a_{n-1}+a_n\right)\).
④
将③④代入②,得\(\displaystyle a_{n-1}+a_{n+1}=2a_n\),其中\(\displaystyle n\geqslant4\).
所以\(\displaystyle a_3,a_4,a_5,\cdots\)是等差数列,设公差为\(\displaystyle d'\).
在①中,取\(\displaystyle n=4\),则\(\displaystyle a_2+a_3+a_5+a_6=4a_4\),所以\(\displaystyle a_2=a_3-d'\),
在①中,取\(\displaystyle n=3\),则\(\displaystyle a_1+a_2+a_4+a_5=4a_3\),所以\(\displaystyle a_1=a_3-2d'\),
所以数列\(\displaystyle \left\{a_n\right\}\)是等差数列.
新答案(来源:061-080极值零点数列与切割函数图像.md):- 显然构成公比为 \(\displaystyle 2^d\) 的等比数列,过程略.
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假设存在 \(\displaystyle a_1,d\) 满足题意.
\(\displaystyle a_1,a_2^2,a_3^3,a_4^4\) 依次构成等比数列且均为正数因此
\(\displaystyle \ln a_1,2\ln\left(a_1+d\right),3\ln\left(a_1+2d\right),4\ln\left(a_1+3d\right)\) 依次构成等差数列,设其公差为 \(\displaystyle d_1\).
令 \(\displaystyle b=\ln a_1\),则 \(\displaystyle n\ln\left[a_1+\left(n-1\right)d\right]=b+\left(n-1\right)d_1\left(n=1,2,3,4\right)\)
即方程 \(\displaystyle \ln\left[a_1+\left(x-1\right)d\right]=\frac{b-d_1}{x}+d_1\) 至少存在四个解 \(\displaystyle x=1,x=2,x=3,x=4\)
令 \(\displaystyle \varphi\left(x\right)=\ln\left[a_1+\left(x-1\right)d\right]-\frac{b-d_1}{x}-d_1\left(1\leqslant x\leqslant 4\right)\),则 \(\displaystyle \varphi\left(x\right)\) 至少有 \(\displaystyle 4\) 个零点.
\(\displaystyle \varphi'\left(x\right)=\frac{d}{a_1+\left(x-1\right)d}+\frac{b-d_1}{x^2}=\frac{dx^2+\left(b-d_1\right)\left[a_1+\left(x-1\right)d\right]}{x^2\left[a_1+\left(x-1\right)d\right]}\)
显然 \(\displaystyle x\geqslant 1\) 时 \(\displaystyle x^2\left[a_1+\left(x-1\right)d\right]>0\).
令 \(\displaystyle g\left(x\right)=dx^2+\left(b-d_1\right)\left[a_1+\left(x-1\right)d\right]\),\(\displaystyle g\left(x\right)\) 是二次函数至多有 \(\displaystyle 2\) 个变号零点,进而 \(\displaystyle \varphi\left(x\right)\) 至多有 \(\displaystyle 3\) 个单调区间,即 \(\displaystyle \varphi\left(x\right)\) 至多有 \(\displaystyle 3\) 个零点,矛盾.
综上不存在 \(\displaystyle a_1,d\) 满足题意.
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问与(2)问做法如出一辙:
假设存在 \(\displaystyle a_1,d\) 以及正整数 \(\displaystyle n,k\) 满足题意.
\(\displaystyle a_1^n,a_2^{n+k},a_3^{n+2k},a_4^{n+3k}\) 依次构成等比数列且均为正数因此
\(\displaystyle n\ln a_1,\left(n+k\right)\ln\left(a_1+d\right),\left(n+2k\right)\ln\left(a_1+2d\right),\left(n+3k\right)\ln\left(a_1+3d\right)\) 依次构成等差数列,设其公差为 \(\displaystyle d_2\).
令 \(\displaystyle b=n\ln a_1\),则 \(\displaystyle \left[n+\left(i-1\right)k\right]\ln\left[a_1+\left(i-1\right)d\right]=b+\left(i-1\right)d_2\left(i=1,2,3,4\right)\)
即方程 \(\displaystyle \ln\left(a_1+dx\right)=\frac{b+d_2x}{n+kx}\) 至少存在四个解 \(\displaystyle x=0,x=1,x=2,x=3\)
令 \(\displaystyle \phi\left(x\right)=\ln\left(a_1+dx\right)-\frac{b+d_2x}{n+kx}\left(0\leqslant x\leqslant 3\right)\),则 \(\displaystyle \phi\left(x\right)\) 至少有 \(\displaystyle 4\) 个零点.
\(\displaystyle \phi'\left(x\right)=\frac{d}{a_1+dx}+\frac{bk-d_2n}{\left(n+kx\right)^2}=\frac{d\left(n+kx\right)^2+\left(bk-d_2n\right)\left(a_1+dx\right)}{\left(n+kx\right)^2\left(a_1+dx\right)}\)
显然 \(\displaystyle x\geqslant 0\) 时 \(\displaystyle \left(n+kx\right)^2\left(a_1+dx\right)>0\)
令 \(\displaystyle h\left(x\right)=d\left(n+kx\right)^2+\left(bk-d_2n\right)\left(a_1+dx\right)\),\(\displaystyle h\left(x\right)\) 是二次函数至多有 \(\displaystyle 2\) 个变号零点,进而 \(\displaystyle \phi\left(x\right)\) 至多有 \(\displaystyle 3\) 个单调区间,即 \(\displaystyle \phi\left(x\right)\) 至多有 \(\displaystyle 3\) 个零点,矛盾.
综上,不存在 \(\displaystyle a_1,d\) 以及正整数 \(\displaystyle n,k\) 满足题意.
新答案(来源:4.3 多个量词的问题(2)数列.md):
(1)解:\(\displaystyle A_0\):\(\displaystyle 5, 3, 2\),
\(\displaystyle T_1\left(A_0\right)\):\(\displaystyle 3, 4, 2, 1\),
\(\displaystyle A_1=T_2\left(T_1\left(A_0\right)\right)\):\(\displaystyle 4, 3, 2, 1\);
\(\displaystyle T_1\left(A_1\right)\):\(\displaystyle 4, 3, 2, 1, 0\),
\(\displaystyle A_2=T_2\left(T_1\left(A_1\right)\right)\):\(\displaystyle 4, 3, 2, 1\).
(2)证明:设每项均是正整数的有穷数列\(\displaystyle A\)为\(\displaystyle a_1, a_2, \cdots, a_n\).
则\(\displaystyle T_1\left(A\right)\)为\(\displaystyle n, a_1-1, a_2-1, \cdots, a_n-1\).
从而 $\(\displaystyle S\left(T_1\left(A\right)\right)=2\left[n+2\left(a_1-1\right)+3\left(a_2-1\right)+\cdots+\left(n+1\right)\left(a_n-1\right)\right]+n^2+\left(a_1-1\right)^2+\left(a_2-1\right)^2+\cdots+\left(a_n-1\right)^2\)$ 又\(\displaystyle S\left(A\right)=2\left(a_1+2a_2+\cdots+na_n\right)+a_1^2+a_2^2+\cdots+a_n^2\),所以 $\(\displaystyle S\left(T_1\left(A\right)\right)-S\left(A\right)=2\left[n-2-3-\cdots-\left(n+1\right)\right]+2\left(a_1+a_2+\cdots+a_n\right)\)$ $\(\displaystyle +n^2-2\left(a_1+a_2+\cdots+a_n\right)+n=-n\left(n+1\right)+n^2+n=0,\)$ 故\(\displaystyle S\left(T_1\left(A\right)\right)=S\left(A\right)\).
(3)证明:设\(\displaystyle A\)是每项均为非负整数的数列\(\displaystyle a_1,a_2,\cdots,a_n\).
当存在\(\displaystyle 1\leqslant i<j\leqslant n\),使得\(\displaystyle a_i\leqslant a_j\)时,交换数列\(\displaystyle A\)的第\(\displaystyle i\)项和第\(\displaystyle j\)项后得到数列\(\displaystyle B\).则 $\(\displaystyle S\left(B\right)-S\left(A\right)=2\left(ia_j+ja_i-ia_i-ja_j\right)=2\left(i-j\right)\left(a_j-a_i\right)\leqslant0.\)$ 当存在\(\displaystyle 1\leqslant m<n\),使得\(\displaystyle a_{m+1}=a_{m+2}=\cdots=a_n=0\)时,若记数列\(\displaystyle a_1,a_2,\cdots,a_m\)为\(\displaystyle C\),则\(\displaystyle S\left(C\right)=S\left(A\right)\).
所以\(\displaystyle S\left(T_2\left(A\right)\right)\leqslant S\left(A\right)\).
从而对于任意给定的数列\(\displaystyle A_0\),由\(\displaystyle A_{k+1}=T_2\left(T_1\left(A_k\right)\right)\left(k=0,1,2,\cdots\right)\)可知 $\(\displaystyle S\left(A_{k+1}\right)\leqslant S\left(T_1\left(A_k\right)\right).\)$ 又由(2)可知\(\displaystyle S\left(T_1\left(A_k\right)\right)=S\left(A_k\right)\),所以\(\displaystyle S\left(A_{k+1}\right)\leqslant S\left(A_k\right)\).
即对于\(\displaystyle k\in\mathbb{N}\),要么有\(\displaystyle S\left(A_{k+1}\right)=S\left(A_k\right)\),要么有\(\displaystyle S\left(A_{k+1}\right)\leqslant S\left(A_k\right)-1\).
因为\(\displaystyle S\left(A_k\right)\)是大于\(\displaystyle 2\)的整数,所以经过有限步后,必有 $\(\displaystyle S\left(A_k\right)=S\left(A_{k+1}\right)=S\left(A_{k+2}\right)=\cdots.\)$ 即存在正整数\(\displaystyle K\),当\(\displaystyle k\geqslant K\)时,\(\displaystyle S\left(A_{k+1}\right)=S\left(A_k\right)\).
【实测数据】本题难度系数为\(\displaystyle 0.07\),区分度为\(\displaystyle 0.56\)
新答案(来源:4.3 多个量词的问题(2)数列.md):(1)由条件,\(\displaystyle a_n=\frac{1}{2^{n-1}}\),\(\displaystyle b_n=\frac{1}{2^n}+1\).
由于\(\displaystyle \forall n\in\mathbb{N}^{*}\),\(\displaystyle 0<\frac{1}{2^{n-1}}\leqslant1\),
所以\(\displaystyle \left|b_n-a_n\right|=\left|\frac{1}{2^n}+1-\frac{1}{2^{n-1}}\right|=1-\frac{1}{2^{n-1}}<1\),
故\(\displaystyle \left\{b_n\right\}\)与\(\displaystyle \left\{a_n\right\}\)"接近".
(2)因为\(\displaystyle a_1=1, a_2=2, a_3=4, a_4=8\),且\(\displaystyle \left\{b_n\right\}\)是一个与\(\displaystyle \left\{a_n\right\}\)接近的数列,
所以\(\displaystyle 0\leqslant b_1\leqslant2\),\(\displaystyle 1\leqslant b_2\leqslant3\),\(\displaystyle 3\leqslant b_3\leqslant5\),\(\displaystyle 7\leqslant b_4\leqslant9\).从而\(\displaystyle b_1\leqslant b_2\leqslant b_3<b_4\).
若\(\displaystyle b_1=b_2\),则\(\displaystyle b_1,b_2\in\left[1,2\right]\),\(\displaystyle b_1=b_2<b_3<b_4\),所以\(\displaystyle M\)中元素个数为\(\displaystyle 3\);
若\(\displaystyle b_2=b_3\),则\(\displaystyle b_2=b_3=3\),\(\displaystyle b_1<b_2=b_3<b_4\),所以\(\displaystyle M\)中元素个数为\(\displaystyle 3\);
若\(\displaystyle b_1,b_2,b_3\)两两不同,则\(\displaystyle M\)中元素个数为\(\displaystyle 4\).
综上,\(\displaystyle m\)的值为\(\displaystyle 3\)或\(\displaystyle 4\).
(3)若\(\displaystyle \left\{b_n\right\}\)与\(\displaystyle \left\{a_n\right\}\)接近,则\(\displaystyle \left|b_n-a_n\right|\leqslant1\),即\(\displaystyle -1+a_n\leqslant b_n\leqslant a_n+1\).所以 $\(\displaystyle -a_n-1\leqslant-b_n\leqslant-a_n+1,\)$ $\(\displaystyle -1+a_{n+1}\leqslant b_{n+1}\leqslant a_{n+1}+1,\)$ 两式相加可得 $\(\displaystyle a_{n+1}-a_n-2\leqslant b_{n+1}-b_n\leqslant a_{n+1}-a_n+2,\)$ 即\(\displaystyle d-2\leqslant b_{n+1}-b_n\leqslant d+2\).
①若\(\displaystyle d\leqslant-2\),则\(\displaystyle b_{n+1}-b_n\leqslant d+2\leqslant0\left(n=1,2,\cdots,200\right)\),
所以\(\displaystyle b_2-b_1, \cdots, b_{201}-b_{200}\)没有正数.
②若\(\displaystyle d>2\),则\(\displaystyle b_{n+1}-b_n\geqslant d-2>0\left(n=1,2,\cdots,200\right)\),
所以\(\displaystyle b_2-b_1, \cdots, b_{201}-b_{200}\)全部都是正数.
③若\(\displaystyle -2<d\leqslant2\),取\(\displaystyle p\)使得\(\displaystyle d+2p>0\)且\(\displaystyle p<1\),即\(\displaystyle -\frac{d}{2}<p<1\),例如可以取区间\(\displaystyle \left[-\frac{d}{2},1\right]\)的中点: $\(\displaystyle p=\frac{1-\frac{d}{2}}{2}=\frac{1}{2}-\frac{d}{4}.\)$ 定义\(\displaystyle b_{2k}=a_{2k}+p\left(k=1,2,\cdots,100\right)\),\(\displaystyle b_{2k+1}=a_{2k+1}-p\left(k=0,1,\cdots,100\right)\),则\(\displaystyle \left|b_n-a_n\right|=p=\frac{1}{2}-\frac{d}{4}<1\),
所以存在数列\(\displaystyle \left\{b_n\right\}\)与\(\displaystyle \left\{a_n\right\}\)"接近".另一方面, $\(\displaystyle b_{2k}-b_{2k-1}=a_{2k}-a_{2k-1}+2p=d+2p>0,\)$ 所以至少有\(\displaystyle 100\)个数是正数.
综上,\(\displaystyle d\)取值范围是\(\displaystyle \left(-2,+\infty\right)\).
新答案(来源:4.3 多个量词的问题(2)数列.md):(1)解法1:\(\displaystyle c_1=b_1-a_1=1-1=0\),
\(\displaystyle c_2=\max\left\{b_1-2a_1,b_2-2a_2\right\}=\max\left\{1-2\times1,3-2\times2\right\}=-1\),
\(\displaystyle c_3=\max\left\{b_1-3a_1,b_2-3a_2,b_3-3a_3\right\}=\max\left\{1-3\times1,3-3\times2,5-3\times3\right\}=-2\).
当\(\displaystyle n\geqslant3\)时, $\(\displaystyle \left(b_{k+1}-na_{k+1}\right)-\left(b_k-na_k\right)=\left(b_{k+1}-b_k\right)-n\left(a_{k+1}-a_k\right)=2-n<0,\)$ 所以\(\displaystyle b_k-na_k\)关于\(\displaystyle k\in\mathbb{N}^{*}\)单调递减.
所以\(\displaystyle c_n=\max\left\{b_1-a_1n,b_2-a_2n,\cdots,b_n-a_nn\right\}=b_1-a_1n=1-n\).
所以对任意\(\displaystyle n\geqslant1\),\(\displaystyle c_n=1-n\),于是\(\displaystyle c_{n+1}-c_n=-1\).
所以\(\displaystyle \left\{c_n\right\}\)是等差数列.
解法2:\(\displaystyle c_1=b_1-a_1=1-1=0\),
\(\displaystyle c_2=\max\left\{b_1-2a_1,b_2-2a_2\right\}=\max\left\{1-2\times1,3-2\times2\right\}=-1\),
\(\displaystyle c_3=\max\left\{b_1-3a_1,b_2-3a_2,b_3-3a_3\right\}=\max\left\{1-3\times1,3-3\times2,5-3\times3\right\}=-2\).
当\(\displaystyle n\geqslant3\)时,\(\displaystyle \left(b_k-na_k\right)-\left(b_1-na_1\right)=\left(k-1\right)\left(2-n\right)\leqslant0\),
所以\(\displaystyle c_n=\max\left\{b_1-a_1n,b_2-a_2n,\cdots,b_n-a_nn\right\}=b_1-a_1n=1-n\).
所以对任意\(\displaystyle n\geqslant1\),\(\displaystyle c_n=1-n\),于是\(\displaystyle c_{n+1}-c_n=-1\).
所以\(\displaystyle \left\{c_n\right\}\)是等差数列.
(2)解法1:设数列\(\displaystyle \left\{a_n\right\}\)和\(\displaystyle \left\{b_n\right\}\)的公差分别为\(\displaystyle d_1, d_2\),则 $\(\displaystyle b_k-na_k=b_1+\left(k-1\right)d_2-\left[a_1+\left(k-1\right)d_1\right]n=b_1-a_1n+\left(d_2-nd_1\right)\left(k-1\right).\)$ 所以\(\displaystyle c_n=\begin{cases} b_1-a_1n+\left(n-1\right)\left(d_2-nd_1\right), & \text{当}d_2>nd_1\text{时},\\ b_1-a_1n, & \text{当}d_2\leqslant nd_1\text{时}. \end{cases}\) ①当\(\displaystyle d_1>0\)时,
取正整数\(\displaystyle m>\frac{d_2}{d_1}\),则当\(\displaystyle n\geqslant m\)时,\(\displaystyle nd_1>d_2\),因此\(\displaystyle c_n=b_1-a_1n\).
此时,\(\displaystyle c_m,c_{m+1},c_{m+2},\cdots\)是等差数列.
②当\(\displaystyle d_1=0\)时,对任意\(\displaystyle n\geqslant1\), $\(\displaystyle c_n=b_1-a_1n+\left(n-1\right)\max\left\{d_2,0\right\}=b_1-a_1+\left(n-1\right)\left(\max\left\{d_2,0\right\}-a_1\right).\)$ 此时,\(\displaystyle c_1,c_2,c_3,\cdots,c_n,\cdots\)是等差数列.
③当\(\displaystyle d_1<0\)时,
当\(\displaystyle n>\frac{d_2}{d_1}\)时,有\(\displaystyle nd_1<d_2\).所以 $\(\displaystyle \frac{c_n}{n}=\frac{b_1-a_1n+\left(n-1\right)\left(d_2-nd_1\right)}{n}=n\left(-d_1\right)+d_1-a_1+d_2+\frac{b_1-d_2}{n}\geqslant n\left(-d_1\right)+d_1-a_1+d_2-\left|b_1-d_2\right|.\)$ 对任意正数\(\displaystyle M\),取正整数\(\displaystyle m>\max\left\{\frac{M+\left|b_1-d_2\right|+a_1-d_1-d_2}{-d_1},\frac{d_2}{d_1}\right\}\).
故当\(\displaystyle n\geqslant m\)时,\(\displaystyle \frac{c_n}{n}>M\).
解法2:设数列\(\displaystyle \left\{a_n\right\}\)和\(\displaystyle \left\{b_n\right\}\)的公差分别为\(\displaystyle d_1, d_2\),定义\(\displaystyle \mathrm{e}_k=b_k-na_k=\left(b_1-a_1n\right)+\left(d_2-nd_1\right)\left(k-1\right)\),
则\(\displaystyle \mathrm{e}_{k+1}-\mathrm{e}_k=d_2-nd_1\),
所以当\(\displaystyle d_2-nd_1>0\)时,\(\displaystyle c_n=\mathrm{e}_n\);
当\(\displaystyle d_2-nd_1\leqslant0\)时,\(\displaystyle c_n=\mathrm{e}_1=b_1-a_1n\).
①当\(\displaystyle d_1>0\)时,
取\(\displaystyle m=\left\lfloor\frac{\left|d_2\right|}{d_1}\right\rfloor+1\),则当\(\displaystyle n>m\)时,\(\displaystyle c_n=b_1-a_1n\).
此时,\(\displaystyle c_m,c_{m+1},c_{m+2},\cdots\)是等差数列.
②当\(\displaystyle d_1=0\)时,
若\(\displaystyle d_2>0\),\(\displaystyle c_n=\mathrm{e}_n=b_1-a_1+\left(d_2-a_1\right)\left(n-1\right)\);
若\(\displaystyle d_2\leqslant0\),\(\displaystyle c_n=\mathrm{e}_1=b_1-a_1n\).
两种情况下,\(\displaystyle c_1,c_2,c_3,\cdots,c_n,\cdots\)均是等差数列.
③当\(\displaystyle d_1<0\)时, $\(\displaystyle \frac{c_n}{n}\geqslant\frac{e_n}{n}=\frac{b_1-a_1n+\left(n-1\right)\left(d_2-nd_1\right)}{n}\geqslant-d_1\left(n-1\right)-\left|b_1\right|-\left|a_1\right|-\left|d_2\right|.\)$ 对任意正数\(\displaystyle M\),取\(\displaystyle m=\left\lfloor\frac{M+\left|b_1\right|+\left|d_2\right|+\left|a_1\right|}{-d_1}\right\rfloor+1\),当\(\displaystyle n\geqslant m\)时,\(\displaystyle \frac{c_n}{n}>M\).
【实测数据】本题理科难度为\(\displaystyle 0.19\),相关系数为\(\displaystyle 0.56\).阅卷数据如下.
\[\displaystyle \begin{array}{c|cccccc} \text{题号} & \text{满分} & \text{平均值} & \text{标准差} & \text{得分率} & \text{鉴别指数} & \text{相关系数}\\ \hline 20(1) & 6 & 2.35 & 1.78 & 0.39 & 0.45 & -\\ 20(2) & 7 & 0.14 & 0.68 & 0.02 & 0.07 & -\\ 20 & 13 & 2.49 & 2.08 & 0.19 & 0.25 & 0.56 \end{array}\]本题七组学生的得分率如下:
\[\displaystyle \begin{array}{c|cccccccc} \text{题号} & \text{第1组} & \text{第2组} & \text{第3组} & \text{第4组} & \text{第5组} & \text{第6组} & \text{第7组} & \text{总体}\\ \hline 20 & 0.07 & 0.11 & 0.14 & 0.16 & 0.19 & 0.25 & 0.41 & 0.19 \end{array}\]本题得分情况如下:
\[\displaystyle \begin{array}{c|cccccccc} \text{分值} & 0 & 1 & 2 & 3 & 4 & 5 & 6 & \\ \text{人数} & 4450 & 9782 & 4112 & 3391 & 7525 & 728 & 1530 & \\ \text{比率} & 13.61\% & 29.91\% & 12.57\% & 10.37\% & 23.01\% & 2.23\% & 4.68\% & \\ \text{平均分} & 95.94 & 117.85 & 111.14 & 121.20 & 127.56 & 135.12 & 138.10 & \\ \text{分值} & 7 & 8 & 9 & 10 & 11 & 12 & 13 & \\ \text{人数} & 427 & 189 & 185 & 155 & 95 & 113 & 18 & \\ \text{比率} & 1.31\% & 0.58\% & 0.57\% & 0.47\% & 0.29\% & 0.35\% & 0.06\% & \\ \text{平均分} & 140.76 & 141.81 & 143.88 & 144.82 & 146.31 & 146.90 & 149.61 & \end{array}\]【易错警示】①理解错误.不能准确理解\(\displaystyle c_n=\max\left\{b_1-a_1n,b_2-a_2n,\cdots,b_n-a_nn\right\}\left(n=1,2,3,\cdots\right)\)的含义.
②字母\(\displaystyle n\),\(\displaystyle k\)书写混淆,例如,\(\displaystyle c_n=\max\left\{b_1-a_1n,b_2-a_2n,\cdots,b_n-a_nn\right\}\)中的第\(\displaystyle k\)项写成\(\displaystyle b_k-ka_k\).
③在求\(\displaystyle b_1-a_1n, b_2-a_2n, \cdots, b_n-a_nn\)的最大值时,误解为在\(\displaystyle n\)不同取值下,比较\(\displaystyle b_n-a_nn\)的大小.
④论证不够严谨.数学归纳法猜想证明时步骤不完善,部分答案以直观感知、归纳猜想替代严格证明.
⑤第(2)问不能抓住影响\(\displaystyle \left\{c_n\right\}\)的主要矛盾,即\(\displaystyle \left\{a_n\right\}\)公差的正负进行分类,出现根据\(\displaystyle \left\{a_n\right\}\)和\(\displaystyle \left\{b_n\right\}\)两个等差数列的公差的相对大小进行分类,发现问题不能解决,再对公差正负进行分类,分类较多造成逻辑推理混乱.
⑥第二问分类不能做到不重不漏,如\(\displaystyle \left\{a_n\right\}\)和\(\displaystyle \left\{b_n\right\}\)两个等差数列的公差为零的情况反复讨论或疏漏没有考虑.
⑦不能完备论证存在正整数\(\displaystyle m\),当\(\displaystyle n\geqslant m\)时,\(\displaystyle \frac{c_n}{n}>M\)或者存在正整数,使得\(\displaystyle c_m,c_{m+1},c_{m+2},\cdots\)为等差数列,没有明确求出\(\displaystyle m>\frac{d_2}{d_1}\),仅从变化趋势予以说明,即在论证过程中没有给出一个足以保证\(\displaystyle \frac{c_n}{n}>M\)或\(\displaystyle c_m,c_{m+1},c_{m+2},\cdots\)成立的\(\displaystyle m\)值.
新答案(来源:4.3 多个量词的问题(2)数列.md):(1)由已知,当\(\displaystyle n\geqslant1\)时,\(\displaystyle a_{n+1}=S_{n+1}-S_n=2^{n+1}-2^n=2^n\).
于是对任意的正整数\(\displaystyle n\),总存在正整数\(\displaystyle m=n+1\),使得\(\displaystyle S_n=2^n=a_m\).
所以\(\displaystyle \left\{a_n\right\}\)是"H数列".
(2)方法1:由已知,得\(\displaystyle S_2=2a_1+d=2+d\).
因为\(\displaystyle \left\{a_n\right\}\)是"H数列",所以存在正整数\(\displaystyle m\),使得\(\displaystyle S_2=a_m\).
即\(\displaystyle 2+d=1+\left(m-1\right)d\),于是\(\displaystyle \left(m-2\right)d=1\).
因为\(\displaystyle d<0\),所以\(\displaystyle m-2<0\),于是\(\displaystyle m=1\).从而\(\displaystyle d=-1\).
当\(\displaystyle d=-1\)时,\(\displaystyle a_n=2-n\),\(\displaystyle S_n=\frac{n\left(3-n\right)}{2}\)是小于\(\displaystyle 2\)的整数,\(\displaystyle n\in\mathbb{N}^{*}\).
于是对任意的正整数\(\displaystyle n\),总存在正整数\(\displaystyle m=2-S_n=\frac{1}{2}n\left(n-3\right)+2\),使得\(\displaystyle S_n=2-m=a_m\).
所以\(\displaystyle \left\{a_n\right\}\)是"H数列".
因此\(\displaystyle d\)的值为\(\displaystyle -1\).
方法2:由已知,\(\displaystyle a_n=1+\left(n-1\right)d\).
当\(\displaystyle n=2\)时,\(\displaystyle S_2=2a_1+d=2+d\).
因为\(\displaystyle d<0\),所以对任意\(\displaystyle n\geqslant3\),\(\displaystyle a_n<a_2\).
又\(\displaystyle S_2=1+a_2>a_2\),所以对任意\(\displaystyle n\geqslant2\),\(\displaystyle S_2>a_n\).
因为数列\(\displaystyle \left\{a_n\right\}\)是"H数列",所以\(\displaystyle S_2=a_1=1\),解得\(\displaystyle d=-1\).
当\(\displaystyle d=-1\)时,\(\displaystyle a_n=2-n\),\(\displaystyle S_n=\frac{n\left(3-n\right)}{2}\)是小于\(\displaystyle 2\)的整数,\(\displaystyle n\in\mathbb{N}^{*}\).
于是对任意的正整数\(\displaystyle n\),总存在正整数\(\displaystyle m=2-S_n=\frac{1}{2}n\left(n-3\right)+2\),使得\(\displaystyle S_n=2-m=a_m\).
所以\(\displaystyle \left\{a_n\right\}\)是"H数列".
因此\(\displaystyle d\)的值为\(\displaystyle -1\).
方法3:由已知,\(\displaystyle S_n=n+\frac{n\left(n-1\right)}{2}d\),\(\displaystyle a_m=1+\left(m-1\right)d\).
因为数列\(\displaystyle \left\{a_n\right\}\)是"H数列",所以对任意正整数\(\displaystyle n\),存在正整数\(\displaystyle m\),使得\(\displaystyle S_n=a_m\),从而 $\(\displaystyle d\left(n^2-n+2-2m\right)=2\left(1-n\right).\)$ 令\(\displaystyle n>1\),则\(\displaystyle 1-n<0\),因为\(\displaystyle d<0\),从而\(\displaystyle n^2-n+2-2m>0\),即\(\displaystyle m<\frac{n^2-n+2}{2}\).
当\(\displaystyle n=2\)时,有\(\displaystyle 0<m<2\),从而\(\displaystyle m=1\),则\(\displaystyle d=-1\).
当\(\displaystyle d=-1\)时,\(\displaystyle a_n=2-n\),\(\displaystyle S_n=\frac{n\left(3-n\right)}{2}\)是小于\(\displaystyle 2\)的整数,\(\displaystyle n\in\mathbb{N}^{*}\).
于是对任意的正整数\(\displaystyle n\),总存在正整数\(\displaystyle m=2-S_n=\frac{1}{2}n\left(n-3\right)+2\),使得\(\displaystyle S_n=2-m=a_m\),
所以\(\displaystyle \left\{a_n\right\}\)是"H数列".
因此\(\displaystyle d\)的值为\(\displaystyle -1\).
(3)方法1:设\(\displaystyle \left\{a_n\right\}\)的公差为\(\displaystyle d\),则\(\displaystyle a_n=a_1+\left(n-1\right)d=na_1+\left(n-1\right)\left(d-a_1\right)\left(n\in\mathbb{N}^{*}\right)\).
令\(\displaystyle b_n=na_1\),\(\displaystyle c_n=\left(n-1\right)\left(d-a_1\right)\),则\(\displaystyle a_n=b_n+c_n, n\in\mathbb{N}^{*}\).
下证\(\displaystyle \left\{b_n\right\}\)是"H数列".
设\(\displaystyle \left\{b_n\right\}\)的前\(\displaystyle n\)项和为\(\displaystyle T_n\),则\(\displaystyle T_n=\frac{n\left(n+1\right)}{2}a_1\left(n\in\mathbb{N}^{*}\right)\).
于是对任意的正整数\(\displaystyle n\),总存在正整数\(\displaystyle m=\frac{n\left(n+1\right)}{2}\),使得\(\displaystyle T_n=b_m\).
所以\(\displaystyle \left\{b_n\right\}\)是"H数列".
同理可证\(\displaystyle \left\{c_n\right\}\)也是"H数列".
所以,对任意的等差数列\(\displaystyle \left\{a_n\right\}\),总存在两个"H数列"\(\displaystyle \left\{b_n\right\}\)和\(\displaystyle \left\{c_n\right\}\),使得\(\displaystyle a_n=b_n+c_n\left(n\in\mathbb{N}^{*}\right)\)成立.
(类似的,\(\displaystyle b_n=\frac{\left(a_1+d\right)n}{2}\),\(\displaystyle c_n=\frac{\left(d-a_1\right)\left(n-2\right)}{2}\)也满足题意.这样的分组方法有无数种)
方法2:设等差数列\(\displaystyle \left\{a_n\right\}\)的通项公式为\(\displaystyle a_n=An+B\left(n\in\mathbb{N}^{*}\right)\).
令\(\displaystyle b_n=\frac{A-B}{2}n+\frac{B-A}{2}\),\(\displaystyle c_n=\frac{A+B}{2}n+\frac{A+B}{2}\),则\(\displaystyle a_n=b_n+c_n\),\(\displaystyle n\in\mathbb{N}^{*}\).
下证\(\displaystyle \left\{b_n\right\}\)是"H数列".
令\(\displaystyle \frac{A-B}{2}=C\),则\(\displaystyle b_n=C\left(n-1\right)\).
设\(\displaystyle \left\{b_n\right\}\)的前\(\displaystyle n\)项和为\(\displaystyle T_n\),则\(\displaystyle T_n=\frac{n\left(n-1\right)}{2}\times C\left(n\in\mathbb{N}^{*}\right)\).
令\(\displaystyle m=\frac{n\left(n-1\right)}{2}+1\),则\(\displaystyle m\in\mathbb{N}^{*}\),于是对任意的正整数\(\displaystyle n\),总存在正整数\(\displaystyle m=\frac{n\left(n-1\right)}{2}+1\),使得\(\displaystyle T_n=b_m\).
所以\(\displaystyle \left\{b_n\right\}\)是"H数列".同理可证\(\displaystyle \left\{c_n\right\}\)也是"H数列".
所以,对任意的等差数列\(\displaystyle \left\{a_n\right\}\),总存在两个"H数列"\(\displaystyle \left\{b_n\right\}\)和\(\displaystyle \left\{c_n\right\}\),使得\(\displaystyle a_n=b_n+c_n\left(n\in\mathbb{N}^{*}\right)\)成立.
【实测数据】本题阅卷数据如下.
\[\displaystyle \begin{array}{c|cccc} \text{层次} & \text{全体} & \text{第一层次} & \text{第二层次} & \text{第三层次}\\ \hline \text{难度} & 0.17 & 0.27 & 0.18 & 0.05\\ \text{区分度} & 0.72 & 0.40 & 0.27 & 0.47 \end{array}\]得分比率:
\[\displaystyle \begin{array}{c|cccccccccc} \text{得分} & 0 & 1 & 2 & 3 & 4 & 5 & 6 & 7 & 8 & \\ \text{比率} & 25.85\% & 2.91\% & 20.16\% & 5.27\% & 34.67\% & 4.54\% & 3.09\% & 1.47\% & 1.85\% & \\ \text{得分} & 9 & 10 & 11 & 12 & 13 & 14 & 15 & 16 & & \\ \text{比率} & 0.01\% & 0.02\% & 0.01\% & 0.05\% & 0.01\% & 0.03\% & 0.01\% & 0.04\% & & - \end{array}\]【易错警示】(1)错误:在由\(\displaystyle S_n=2^n\)计算出\(\displaystyle a_n=\begin{cases}2, & n=1,\\ 2^{n-1}, & n\geqslant2\end{cases}\)后,不能理解题意,进而得到问题的正确证明.
(2)错误1:直接写出结果\(\displaystyle d=-1\),缺少必要的逻辑推理.
错误2:根据题目意思,直接翻译,即由\(\displaystyle \left\{a_n\right\}\)是"H数列"得到\(\displaystyle S_n=a_m\),即\(\displaystyle na_1+\frac{n\left(n-1\right)}{2}d=a_1+\left(m-1\right)d\),进而从这个式子中分离出\(\displaystyle d\),\(\displaystyle m\)或者\(\displaystyle n\).由于对式子的理解和变形不清楚,导致得不到正确的结果.
新答案(来源:241-260对数单身狗指数找基友与对称化构造.md):-
\(\displaystyle f'\left(x\right)=\frac{x^2-ax+1}{x^2}\) \(\displaystyle \left(x>0\right)\).
若 \(\displaystyle a\leqslant2\),\(\displaystyle x\ne1\) 时 \(\displaystyle f'\left(x\right)>0\),\(\displaystyle f\left(x\right)\) 单调递增;
若 \(\displaystyle a>2\),\(\displaystyle 0<x<\frac{a-\sqrt{a^2-4}}{2}\) 时,\(\displaystyle f'\left(x\right)>0\),\(\displaystyle f\left(x\right)\) 单调递增;
\(\displaystyle \frac{a-\sqrt{a^2-4}}{2}<x<\frac{a+\sqrt{a^2-4}}{2}\) 时,\(\displaystyle f'\left(x\right)<0\),\(\displaystyle f\left(x\right)\) 单调递减;
\(\displaystyle x>\frac{a+\sqrt{a^2-4}}{2}\) 时,\(\displaystyle f'\left(x\right)>0\),\(\displaystyle f\left(x\right)\) 单调递增.
-
\[\displaystyle k=\frac{f\left(x_2\right)-f\left(x_1\right)}{x_2-x_1} =\frac{x_2-\frac{1}{x_2}-a\ln x_2-x_1+\frac{1}{x_1}+a\ln x_1}{x_2-x_1} =1+\frac{1}{x_1x_2}-a\cdot\frac{\ln x_2-\ln x_1}{x_2-x_1}.\]
由 \(\displaystyle \left(1\right)\) 过程知 \(\displaystyle x_1,x_2\) 是 \(\displaystyle x^2-ax+1=0\) 的两个正根,因此 \(\displaystyle x_1x_2=1\),设 \(\displaystyle 0<x_1<1<x_2\).
进而
\[\displaystyle k=2-a\cdot\left(\frac{\ln x_2-\ln\frac{1}{x_2}}{x_2-\frac{1}{x_2}}\right)=2-a\left(\frac{2\ln x_2}{x_2-\frac{1}{x_2}}\right).\]假设存在 \(\displaystyle a\) 使得 \(\displaystyle k=2-a\) 则 \(\displaystyle \frac{2\ln x_2}{x_2-\frac{1}{x_2}}=1\) 也即 \(\displaystyle x_2-\frac{1}{x_2}-2\ln x_2=0\).
令 \(\displaystyle g\left(x\right)=x-\frac{1}{x}-2\ln x\),由 \(\displaystyle \left(1\right)\) 问知 \(\displaystyle g\left(x\right)\) 单调递增,\(\displaystyle g\left(x_2\right)>g\left(1\right)=0\),矛盾,因此不存在 \(\displaystyle a\) 使得 \(\displaystyle k=2-a\).
- 【2019上海21】数列 \(\displaystyle \{a_n\}\) 有 \(\displaystyle 100\) 项, \(\displaystyle a_1=a\), 对任意 \(\displaystyle n\in[2,100]\), 存在 \(\displaystyle i\) 使得 \(\displaystyle a_n=a_i+d\), \(\displaystyle i\in[1,n-1]\), 若 \(\displaystyle a_k\) 与其之前中某一项相等, 则称 \(\displaystyle a_k\) 具有性质 \(\displaystyle P\)。
(1) 若 \(\displaystyle a_1=1\), \(\displaystyle d=2\), 求 \(\displaystyle a_4\) 所有可能的值;
(2) 若 \(\displaystyle \{a_n\}\) 不是等差数列, 求证: \(\displaystyle \{a_n\}\) 中存在具有性质 \(\displaystyle P\) 的项;
(3) 若 \(\displaystyle \{a_n\}\) 中恰有三项具有性质 \(\displaystyle P\), 这三项和为 \(\displaystyle C\), 试用 \(\displaystyle a,d,c\) 表示 \(\displaystyle a_1+a_2+\cdots+a_{100}\)。 4. 【2024深圳二模19】无穷数列\(\displaystyle a_1,a_2,\cdots,a_n,\cdots\)的定义如下:如果\(\displaystyle n\)是偶数,就对\(\displaystyle n\)尽可能多次地除以2,直到得出一个奇数,这个奇数就是\(\displaystyle a_n\);如果\(\displaystyle n\)是奇数,就对\(\displaystyle 3n+1\)尽可能多次地除以2,直到得出一个奇数,这个奇数就是\(\displaystyle a_n\)。
(2)如果\(\displaystyle a_n=m\)且\(\displaystyle a_m=n\),求\(\displaystyle m,n\)的值。
(3)记\(\displaystyle a_n=f(n),n\in\mathbb{N_+}\),求一个正整数\(\displaystyle n\),满足$\(\displaystyle n<f(n)<f(f(n))<\cdots<\underbrace{ f(f(\cdots f(n)\cdots ))}_{\text{2024个\)f\(}}\)$ 5. 【2013安徽理20】设函数\(\displaystyle f(x)=-1+x+\frac{x^2}{2^2}+\frac{x^3}{3^2}+\cdots+\frac{x^n}{n^2}(x\in\mathbb{R},n\in\mathbb{N^*})\),证明:
(1)对每个\(\displaystyle n\in\mathbb{N^*}\),存在唯一的\(\displaystyle x_n\in[\frac{2}{3},1]\),满足\(\displaystyle f(x_n)=0\);
(2)对任意\(\displaystyle p\in\mathbb{N^*}\),由(1)中\(\displaystyle x_n\)构成的数列\(\displaystyle \left \{ x_n \right \}\)满足\(\displaystyle 0<x_n-x_{n+p}<\frac{1}{n}\) 6. 【2011北京理20】若数列 \(\displaystyle A_n:a_1,a_2,\dots,a_n\) (\(\displaystyle n \geqslant 2\)) 满足 \(\displaystyle |a_{k+1}-a_k|=1\) (\(\displaystyle k=1,2,\dots,n-1\)), 则称 \(\displaystyle A_n\) 为 \(\displaystyle E\) 数列. 记 \(\displaystyle S(A_n)=a_1+a_2+\dots+a_n\)。
(1) 写出一个满足 \(\displaystyle a_1=a_5=0\), 且 \(\displaystyle S(A_5)>0\) 的 \(\displaystyle E\) 数列 \(\displaystyle A_5\);
(2) 若 \(\displaystyle a_1=12,n=2000\), 证明: \(\displaystyle E\) 数列 \(\displaystyle A_n\) 是递增数列的充要条件是 \(\displaystyle a_n=2011\);
(3) 对任意给定的整数 \(\displaystyle n\) (\(\displaystyle n \geqslant 2\)), 是否存在首项为 \(\displaystyle 0\) 的 \(\displaystyle E\) 数列 \(\displaystyle A_n\), 使得 \(\displaystyle S(A_n)=0\)? 如果存在, 写出一个满足条件的 \(\displaystyle E\) 数列 \(\displaystyle A_n\); 如果不存在, 说明理由。 7. 【2011江苏20】设 \(\displaystyle M\) 为部分正整数组成的集合, 数列 \(\displaystyle \{a_n\}\) 的首项 \(\displaystyle a_1=1\), 前 \(\displaystyle n\) 项和为 \(\displaystyle S_n\), 已知对任意整数 \(\displaystyle k \in M\), 当整数 \(\displaystyle n>k\) 时, \(\displaystyle S_{n+k}+S_{n-k}=2(S_n+S_k)\) 都成立。
(1) 设 \(\displaystyle M=\{1\},a_2=2\), 求 \(\displaystyle a_5\) 的值;
(2) 设 \(\displaystyle M=\{3,4\}\), 求数列 \(\displaystyle \{a_n\}\) 的通项公式。 8. 【2017江苏19】对于给定的正整数\(\displaystyle k\),若数列\(\displaystyle \left \{ a_n \right \}\)满足:$\(\displaystyle a_{n-k}+a_{n-k+1}+\cdots a_{n-1}+a_{n+1}+\cdots a_{n+k-1}+a_{n+k}=2ka_n\)\(对任意正整数\)\displaystyle n(n>k)\(总成立,则称数列是“\)\displaystyle P(k)\(数列”。若数列\)\displaystyle \left { a_n \right }\(既是“\)\displaystyle P(2)\(数列”,又是“\)\displaystyle P(3)\(数列”,证明:\)\displaystyle \left { a_n \right }\(是等差数列。 9. **【2015江苏20】**设\)\displaystyle a_1,a_2,a_3,a_4\(是各项为正数且公差为\)\displaystyle d(d\neq 0)\(的等差数列。 1. 是否存在\)\displaystyle a_1,d\(,使得\)\displaystyle a_1,a_2^2,a_3^3,a_4^4\(依次构成等比数列?并说明理由; 2. 是否存在\)\displaystyle a_1,d\(及正整数\)\displaystyle n,k\(,使得\)\displaystyle a_1^n,a_2^{n+k},a_3^{n+2k},a_4^{n+3k}$依次构成等比数列?并说明理由。 10. 【2013北京理20】 已知 \(\displaystyle \{a_n\}\) 是由非负整数组成的无穷数列, 该数列前 \(\displaystyle n\) 项的最大值记为 \(\displaystyle A_n\), 第 \(\displaystyle n\) 项之后各项 \(\displaystyle a_{n+1},a_{n+2},\cdots\) 的最小值记为 \(\displaystyle B_n\), \(\displaystyle d_n=A_n-B_n\)。
(1) 若 \(\displaystyle \{a_n\}\) 为 \(\displaystyle 2,1,4,3,2,1,4,3,\cdots\), 是一个周期为 4 的数列 (即对任意 \(\displaystyle n \in \vv{N}^*,a_{n+4}=a_n\)), 写出 \(\displaystyle d_1,d_2,d_3,d_4\) 的值;
(2) 设 \(\displaystyle d\) 是非负整数, 证明: \(\displaystyle d_n=-d\) (\(\displaystyle n=1,2,3\cdots\)) 的充分必要条件为 \(\displaystyle \{a_n\}\) 是公差为 \(\displaystyle d\) 的等差数列;
(3)证明: 若 \(\displaystyle a_1=2, d_n=1\) (\(\displaystyle n=1,2,3,\cdots\)), 则 \(\displaystyle \{a_n\}\) 的项只能是 1 或者 2, 且有无穷多项为 1。 11. 【2012江苏20】已知各项均为正数的两个数列 \(\displaystyle \{a_n\}\) 和 \(\displaystyle \{b_n\}\) 满足: \(\displaystyle a_{n+1}=\frac{a_n+b_n}{\sqrt{a_n^2+b_n^2}}, n \in \mathbb{N}^*\)。
(1) 设 \(\displaystyle b_{n+1}=1+\frac{b_n}{a_n}, n \in \mathbb{N}^*\), 求证: 数列 \(\displaystyle \left\{\left(\frac{b_n}{a_n}\right)^2\right\}\) 是等差数列;
(2) 设 \(\displaystyle b_{n+1}=\sqrt{2} \cdot \frac{b_n}{a_n}, n \in \mathbb{N}^*\), 且 \(\displaystyle \{a_n\}\) 是等比数列, 求 \(\displaystyle a_1\) 和 \(\displaystyle b_1\) 的值。 12. 【2008北京理20】对于每项均是正整数的数列 \(\displaystyle A\): \(\displaystyle a_1,a_2,\cdots,a_n\), 定义变换 \(\displaystyle T_1\), \(\displaystyle T_1\) 将数列 \(\displaystyle A\) 变换成数列 \(\displaystyle T_1(A)\): \(\displaystyle n\), \(\displaystyle a_1-1\), \(\displaystyle a_2-1\), \(\displaystyle \cdots\), \(\displaystyle a_n-1\). 对于每项均是非负整数的数列 \(\displaystyle B\): \(\displaystyle b_1,b_2,\cdots,b_m\), 定义变换 \(\displaystyle T_2\), \(\displaystyle T_2\) 将数列 \(\displaystyle B\) 各项从大到小排列, 然后去掉所有为零的项, 得到数列 \(\displaystyle T_2(B)\); 又定义 \(\displaystyle S(B) = 2(b_1 + 2b_2 + \cdots + mb_m) + b_1^2 + b_2^2 + \cdots + b_m^2\). 设 \(\displaystyle A_0\) 是每项均为正整数的有穷数列, 令 \(\displaystyle A_{k+1} = T_2(T_1(A_k))\) (\(\displaystyle k=0,1,2,\cdots\))。
(1) 如果数列 \(\displaystyle A_0\) 为 \(\displaystyle 5,3,2\), 写出数列 \(\displaystyle A_1,A_2\);
(2) 对于每项均是正整数的有穷数列 \(\displaystyle A\), 证明 \(\displaystyle S(T_1(A)) = S(A)\);
(3) 证明: 对于任意给定的每项均为正整数的有穷数列 \(\displaystyle A_0\), 存在正整数 \(\displaystyle K\), 当 \(\displaystyle k \geqslant K\) 时, \(\displaystyle S(A_{k+1}) = S(A_k)\)。 13. 【2006上海理21】 已知有穷数列 \(\displaystyle \{a_n\}\) 共有 \(\displaystyle 2k\) 项 (整数 \(\displaystyle k \geqslant 2\)), 首项 \(\displaystyle a_1 = 2\). 设该数列的前 \(\displaystyle n\) 项和为 \(\displaystyle S_n\), 且 \(\displaystyle a_{n+1} = (a-1)S_n + 2\) (\(\displaystyle n = 1,2,\cdots,2k-1\)), 其中常数 \(\displaystyle a > 1\)。
(1) 求证: 数列 \(\displaystyle \{a_n\}\) 是等比数列;
(2) 若 \(\displaystyle a = 2^{\frac{2}{2k-1}}\), 数列 \(\displaystyle \{b_n\}\) 满足 \(\displaystyle b_n = \frac{1}{n}\log_2(a_1a_2\cdots a_n)\) (\(\displaystyle n = 1,2,\cdots,2k\)), 求数列 \(\displaystyle \{b_n\}\) 的通项公式;
(3) 若 (2) 中的数列 \(\displaystyle \{b_n\}\) 满足不等式 \(\displaystyle \left|b_1 - \frac{3}{2}\right| + \left|b_2 - \frac{3}{2}\right| + \cdots + \left|b_{2k-1} - \frac{3}{2}\right| + \left|b_{2k} - \frac{3}{2}\right| \leqslant 4\), 求 \(\displaystyle k\) 的值. 14. 【2019北京理20】已知数列 \(\displaystyle \{a_n\}\) 从中选取第 \(\displaystyle i_1\) 项、第 \(\displaystyle i_2\) 项、\(\displaystyle \cdots\)、第 \(\displaystyle i_m\) 项 (\(\displaystyle i_1<i_2<\cdots<i_m\)), 若 \(\displaystyle a_{i_1}<a_{i_2}<\cdots<a_{i_m}\), 则称新数列 \(\displaystyle a_{i_1},a_{i_2},\cdots,a_{i_m}\) 为 \(\displaystyle \{a_n\}\) 的长度为 \(\displaystyle m\) 的递增子列. 规定: 数列 \(\displaystyle \{a_n\}\) 的任意一项都是 \(\displaystyle \{a_n\}\) 的长度为 \(\displaystyle 1\) 的递增子列。
(1) 写出数列 \(\displaystyle 1,8,3,7,5,6,9\) 的一个长度为 \(\displaystyle 4\) 的递增子列;
(2) 已知数列 \(\displaystyle \{a_n\}\) 的长度为 \(\displaystyle p\) 的递增子列的末项的最小值为 \(\displaystyle a_{m_0}\), 长度为 \(\displaystyle q\) 的递增子列的末项的最小值为 \(\displaystyle a_{n_0}\). 若 \(\displaystyle p<q\), 求证: \(\displaystyle a_{m_0}<a_{n_0}\);
(3) 设无穷数列 \(\displaystyle \{a_n\}\) 的各项均为正整数, 且任意两项均不相等. 若 \(\displaystyle \{a_n\}\) 的长度为 \(\displaystyle s\) 的递增子列末项的最小值为 \(\displaystyle 2s-1\), 且长度为 \(\displaystyle s\) 末项为 \(\displaystyle 2s-1\) 的递增子列恰有 \(\displaystyle 2^{s-1}\) 个 (\(\displaystyle s=1,2,\cdots\)), 求数列 \(\displaystyle \{a_n\}\) 的通项公式。 15. 【2018上海21】给定无穷数列 \(\displaystyle \{a_n\}\), 若无穷数列 \(\displaystyle \{b_n\}\) 满足: 对任意 \(\displaystyle n\in\vv{N}^*\), 都有 \(\displaystyle |b_n-a_n|\leqslant 1\), 则称 \(\displaystyle \{b_n\}\) 与 \(\displaystyle \{a_n\}\) “接近”。
(1) 设 \(\displaystyle \{a_n\}\) 是首项为 \(\displaystyle 1\), 公比为 \(\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}\) 的等比数列, \(\displaystyle b_n=a_{n+1}+1\), \(\displaystyle n\in\mathbb{N}^*\), 判断数列 \(\displaystyle \{b_n\}\) 是否与 \(\displaystyle \{a_n\}\) 接近, 并说明理由;
(2) 设数列 \(\displaystyle \{a_n\}\) 的前四项为: \(\displaystyle a_1=1\), \(\displaystyle a_2=2\), \(\displaystyle a_3=4\), \(\displaystyle a_4=8\), \(\displaystyle \{b_n\}\) 是一个与 \(\displaystyle \{a_n\}\) 接近的数列, 记集合 \(\displaystyle M=\{x\mid x=b_i,i=1,2,3,4\}\), 求 \(\displaystyle M\) 中元素的个数 \(\displaystyle m\);
(3) 已知 \(\displaystyle \{a_n\}\) 是公差为 \(\displaystyle d\) 的等差数列. 若存在数列 \(\displaystyle \{b_n\}\) 满足: \(\displaystyle \{b_n\}\) 与 \(\displaystyle \{a_n\}\) 接近, 且在 \(\displaystyle b_2-b_1\), \(\displaystyle b_3-b_2\), \(\displaystyle \cdots\), \(\displaystyle b_{201}-b_{200}\) 中至少有 \(\displaystyle 100\) 个为正数, 求 \(\displaystyle d\) 的取值范围。 16. 【2018江苏20】设 \(\displaystyle \{a_n\}\) 是首项为 \(\displaystyle a_1\), 公差为 \(\displaystyle d\) 的等差数列, \(\displaystyle \{b_n\}\) 是首项为 \(\displaystyle b_1\), 公比为 \(\displaystyle q\) 的等比数列。
(1) 设 \(\displaystyle a_1=0\), \(\displaystyle b_1=1\), \(\displaystyle q=2\), 若 \(\displaystyle |a_n-b_n|\leqslant b_1\) 对 \(\displaystyle n=1,2,3,4\) 均成立, 求 \(\displaystyle d\) 的取值范围;
(2) 若 \(\displaystyle a_1=b_1>0\), \(\displaystyle m\in\mathbb{N}^*\), \(\displaystyle q\in(1,\sqrt[m]{2}]\), 证明: 存在 \(\displaystyle d\in\mathbb{R}\), 使得 \(\displaystyle |a_n-b_n|\leqslant b_1\) 对 \(\displaystyle n=2,3,\cdots,m+1\) 均成立, 并求 \(\displaystyle d\) 的取值范围 (用 \(\displaystyle b_1,m,q\) 表示)。 17. 【2017北京理20】设 \(\displaystyle \{a_n\}\) 和 \(\displaystyle \{b_n\}\) 是两个等差数列, 记 \(\displaystyle c_n=\max\{b_1-a_1n,b_2-a_2n,\cdots,b_n-a_nn\}\ (n=1,2,3,\cdots)\), 其中 \(\displaystyle \max\{x_1,x_2,\cdots,x_s\}\) 表示 \(\displaystyle x_1,x_2,\cdots,x_s\) 这 \(\displaystyle s\) 个数中最大的数。
(1) 若 \(\displaystyle a_n=n\), \(\displaystyle b_n=2n-1\), 求 \(\displaystyle c_1,c_2,c_3\) 的值, 并证明 \(\displaystyle \{c_n\}\) 是等差数列;
(2) 证明: 或者对任意正数 \(\displaystyle M\), 存在正整数 \(\displaystyle m\), 当 \(\displaystyle n\geqslant m\) 时, \(\displaystyle \frac{c_n}{n}>M\); 或者存在正整数 \(\displaystyle m\), 使得 \(\displaystyle c_m,c_{m+1},c_{m+2},\cdots\) 是等差数列。 18. 【2016上海理23】若无穷数列 \(\displaystyle \{a_n\}\) 满足: 只要 \(\displaystyle a_p=a_q\ (p,q\in\mathbb{N}^*)\), 必有 \(\displaystyle a_{p+1}=a_{q+1}\), 则称 \(\displaystyle \{a_n\}\) 具有性质 \(\displaystyle P\)。
(1) 若 \(\displaystyle \{a_n\}\) 具有性质 \(\displaystyle P\). 且 \(\displaystyle a_1=1\), \(\displaystyle a_2=2\), \(\displaystyle a_4=3\), \(\displaystyle a_5=2\), \(\displaystyle a_6+a_7+a_8=21\), 求 \(\displaystyle a_3\);
(2) 若无穷数列 \(\displaystyle \{b_n\}\) 是等差数列, 无穷数列 \(\displaystyle \{c_n\}\) 是公比为正数的等比数列, \(\displaystyle b_1=c_5=1\), \(\displaystyle b_5=c_1=81\), \(\displaystyle a_n=b_n+c_n\), 判断 \(\displaystyle \{a_n\}\) 是否具有性质 \(\displaystyle P\), 并说明理由;
(3) 设 \(\displaystyle \{b_n\}\) 是无穷数列, 已知 \(\displaystyle a_{n+1}=b_n+\sin a_n\ (n\in\mathbb{N}^*)\), 求证: “对任意 \(\displaystyle a_1\), \(\displaystyle \{a_n\}\) 都具有性质 \(\displaystyle P\)” 的充要条件为 “\(\displaystyle \{b_n\}\) 是常数列”。 19. 【2015浙江理20】设数列 \(\displaystyle A\): \(\displaystyle a_1,a_2,\cdots,a_N\ (N\geqslant 2)\). 如果对小于 \(\displaystyle n\ (2\leqslant n\leqslant N)\) 的每个正整数 \(\displaystyle k\) 都有 \(\displaystyle a_k<a_n\), 则称 \(\displaystyle n\) 是数列 \(\displaystyle A\) 的一个 “\(\displaystyle G\) 时刻”. 记 \(\displaystyle G(A)\) 是数列 \(\displaystyle A\) 的所有 “\(\displaystyle G\) 时刻” 组成的集合。
(1) 对数列 \(\displaystyle A\): \(\displaystyle -2,2,-1,1,3\), 写出 \(\displaystyle G(A)\) 的所有元素;
(2)证明: 若数列 \(\displaystyle A\) 中存在 \(\displaystyle a_n\) 使得 \(\displaystyle a_n>a_1\), 则 \(\displaystyle G(A)\neq\varnothing\);
(3)证明: 若数列 \(\displaystyle A\) 满足 \(\displaystyle a_n-a_{n-1}\leqslant 1\ (n=2,3,\cdots,N)\), 则 \(\displaystyle G(A)\) 的元素个数不小于 \(\displaystyle a_N-a_1\)。 20. 【2014江苏20】设数列 \(\displaystyle \{a_n\}\) 的前 \(\displaystyle n\) 项和为 \(\displaystyle S_n\). 若对任意正整数 \(\displaystyle n\), 总存在正整数 \(\displaystyle m\), 使得 \(\displaystyle S_n=a_m\), 则称 \(\displaystyle \{a_n\}\) 是 “\(\displaystyle H\) 数列”。
(1) 若数列 \(\displaystyle \{a_n\}\) 的前 \(\displaystyle n\) 项和 \(\displaystyle S_n=2^n\ (n\in\mathbb{N}^*)\), 证明: \(\displaystyle \{a_n\}\) 是 “\(\displaystyle H\) 数列”;
(2) 设 \(\displaystyle \{a_n\}\) 是等差数列, 其首项 \(\displaystyle a_1=1\), 公差 \(\displaystyle d<0\). 若 \(\displaystyle \{a_n\}\) 是 “\(\displaystyle H\) 数列”, 求 \(\displaystyle d\) 的值;
(3) 证明: 对任意的等差数列 \(\displaystyle \{a_n\}\), 总存在两个 “\(\displaystyle H\) 数列” \(\displaystyle \{b_n\}\) 和 \(\displaystyle \{c_n\}\), 使得 \(\displaystyle a_n=b_n+c_n\ (n\in\mathbb{N}^*)\) 成立。
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C 组习题
总复习题
1. 若数列$\displaystyle \{a_n\}$满足:存在实数$\displaystyle C$,对任意大于2的正整数$\displaystyle n$,有$$\displaystyle |a_n-a_{n-1}|+|a_{n-1}-a_{n-2}|+\dots+|a_2-a_1|<C$$则称数列$\displaystyle \{a_n\}$为有限稳定数列,记$\displaystyle S_n$为数列$\displaystyle \{a_n\}$前$\displaystyle n$项和,证明或反驳:
1. 若数列$\displaystyle \{S_n\}$是有限稳定数列,则数列$\displaystyle \{a_n\}$是有限稳定数列
2. 若数列$\displaystyle \{a_n\}$满足$\displaystyle \forall n\in\mathbb{N}^*$,$\displaystyle |a_n|\leqslant\frac{1}{n}$,则数列$\displaystyle \{a_n\}$是有限稳定数列