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8.3数列递推式的处理

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数列递推式的处理

A 组习题

\(\displaystyle \quad\)

A组

  1. 已知正项数列\(\displaystyle \{a_n\}\)\(\displaystyle n\)项和为\(\displaystyle S_n\),数列\(\displaystyle \{\sqrt{S_n}\}\)\(\displaystyle n\)项和为\(\displaystyle G_n\),且\(\displaystyle S_n+\frac{1}{2}G_n=1\),求\(\displaystyle a_4\)
  2. 已知等比数列\(\displaystyle \{a_n\}\)的前\(\displaystyle n\)项和为\(\displaystyle S_n\),\(\displaystyle a_1>1\),\(\displaystyle S_3=\mathrm{e}^{S_1}\),则数列\(\displaystyle \{a_n\}\)的公比\(\displaystyle q\)满足

    • \(\displaystyle 0<q\leqslant1\)
    • \(\displaystyle -1<q\leqslant0\)
    • \(\displaystyle q>1\)
    • \(\displaystyle q\leqslant-1\)

    3. 已知数列\(\displaystyle \{a_n\}\)满足\(\displaystyle a_1=1\)\(\displaystyle a_{n+1}=\frac{a_n}{a_n^2+1}\)\(\displaystyle n\in\mathbb{N}^*\)),记\(\displaystyle \{a_n\}\)的前\(\displaystyle n\)项和为\(\displaystyle S_n\),证明:\(\displaystyle a_{2026}(S_{2025}+1)=1\) 4. 【2025“集英苑测试”(网络联考)10】(多选)已知数列\(\displaystyle \left \{ a_n \right \}\)满足\(\displaystyle a_{n+1}\geqslant a_n,a_na_{n+1}a_{n+2}=8^n(n\in\mathbb{N^*})\),则

    • \(\displaystyle a_{n+3}=8a_n\)
    • \(\displaystyle a_n>0\)
    • \(\displaystyle a_3^2a_4\leqslant 64\)
    • \(\displaystyle a_1\in[\frac{1}{2},2]\)

    5. (多选)已知无穷数列\(\displaystyle \{a_n\}\)的前\(\displaystyle n\)项和为\(\displaystyle S_n\),则下列说法正确的是

    • \(\displaystyle S_n-a_n\geqslant0\),则\(\displaystyle a_n\geqslant0\)
    • \(\displaystyle S_n-a_n\geqslant0\),则\(\displaystyle S_n\geqslant0\)
    • \(\displaystyle S_n+a_n\geqslant0\),则\(\displaystyle S_n\geqslant a_2\)
    • \(\displaystyle S_n+a_n\geqslant0\),则\(\displaystyle S_2\geqslant a_4\)

    6. (多选)已知数列\(\displaystyle \{a_n\}\)满足\(\displaystyle a_{n}+a_{n+2}=\lambda a_{n+1}\),\(\displaystyle \lambda\in\vv{R}\),若\(\displaystyle a_1=1\),\(\displaystyle a_2=2\),\(\displaystyle a_{2024}=2024\),则\(\displaystyle \lambda\)的值可能为

    • \(\displaystyle -1\)
    • \(\displaystyle 2\)
    • \(\displaystyle \frac{5}{2}\)
    • \(\displaystyle -2\)

    7. (多选)称递推公式\(\displaystyle \Psi\)是专一的,若无穷数列\(\displaystyle \{a_n\}\)\(\displaystyle \Psi\)唯一确定,则下列递推公式中专一的有

    • \(\displaystyle \{(a_n,a_{n+1})=\{2n-1,2n+1\},n\in\mathbb{N}^*\}\)
    • \(\displaystyle \begin{cases}a_1=a_2=1,\\(a_{n+2}-a_{n+1})^2=a_n,n\in\mathbb{N}^*\end{cases}\)
    • \(\displaystyle \begin{cases}a_2=2,\\a_{n+1}a_n=a_n+a_{n+1},n\in\mathbb{N}^*\end{cases}\)
    • \(\displaystyle \begin{cases}a_1+a_{n+1}=2n,\\a_n a_{n+2}=3n,n\in\mathbb{N}^*\end{cases}\)

    8. 【2022北京15】(多选)已知正项数列\(\displaystyle \left \{ a_n \right \}\)的前\(\displaystyle n\)项和\(\displaystyle S_n\)满足\(\displaystyle a_n\cdot S_n=9(n=1,2,\cdots)\),下列命题中正确的是

    • \(\displaystyle a_2<3\)
    • \(\displaystyle \left \{ a_n \right \}\)为等比数列
    • \(\displaystyle \left \{ a_n \right \}\)为递减数列
    • \(\displaystyle \left \{ a_n \right \}\)中存在小于\(\displaystyle \frac{1}{100}\)的项
    答案

    \par 新答案(来源:1.29 数列综合.md): ①③④

    【解题思路】如下表.

    \[\displaystyle \begin{array}{c|c|l} \text{选项} & \text{判断} & \text{解析}\\ \hline \text{①} & \text{正确} & a_1S_1=a_1^2=9\text{,则}a_1=3\text{.而}a_2S_2=a_2\left(a_1+a_2\right)=9\text{,即}a_2^2=9-a_1a_2<9\text{,所以}a_2<3\text{.}\\ \text{②} & \text{错误} & \text{反证法.若}\left\{a_n\right\}\text{是等比数列,则}a_n=3q^{n-1}\text{,其中}q\text{是公比,}S_n=\frac{3\left(1-q^n\right)}{1-q}\text{.故}a_nS_n=9\text{可以化为}q^{n-1}\left(1-q^n\right)=1-q\text{对任意正整数}n\text{恒成立,但这是显然不成立的.}\\ \text{③} & \text{正确} & a_{n+1}-a_n=\frac{9}{S_{n+1}}-\frac{9}{S_n}=\frac{9\left(S_n-S_{n+1}\right)}{S_nS_{n+1}}=-\frac{9a_{n+1}}{S_nS_{n+1}}<0\text{.}\\ \text{④} & \text{正确} & \text{反证法.若}\left\{a_n\right\}\text{每项都大于等于}\frac{1}{100}\text{,则}S_n\geqslant\frac{n}{100}\text{,于是}9=a_nS_n\geqslant\frac{1}{100}\cdot\frac{n}{100}\text{对任意正整数}n\text{恒成立.然而当}n>90000\text{时上述不等式不成立,矛盾.} \end{array}\]

    本题有错得\(\displaystyle 0\)分,少选\(\displaystyle 1\)个得\(\displaystyle 4\)分,少选\(\displaystyle 2\)个得\(\displaystyle 3\)分.

    【实测数据】本题平均分\(\displaystyle 2.94\)分,标准差\(\displaystyle 1.28\),得分率\(\displaystyle 0.588\),鉴别指数\(\displaystyle 0.31\)

    \[\displaystyle \begin{array}{c|ccccc} \text{得分} & 0 & 3 & 4 & 5\\ \hline \text{比率}(\%) & 13.42 & 57.49 & 23.96 & 5.12 \end{array}\]

    \(\displaystyle G_1\)\(\displaystyle G_{10}\)组得分率如下:

    \[\displaystyle \begin{array}{c|cccccccccc} & G_1 & G_2 & G_3 & G_4 & G_5 & G_6 & G_7 & G_8 & G_9 & G_{10}\\ \hline \text{得分率} & 0.37 & 0.45 & 0.50 & 0.54 & 0.57 & 0.61 & 0.64 & 0.67 & 0.72 & 0.80 \end{array}\]
    1. 【2007广东理21】 已知函数 \(\displaystyle f(x) = x^2 + x - 1\), \(\displaystyle \alpha,\beta\) 是方程 \(\displaystyle f(x)=0\) 的两个根 (\(\displaystyle \alpha>\beta\)), \(\displaystyle f'(x)\)\(\displaystyle f(x)\) 的导数, 设 \(\displaystyle a_1=1\), \(\displaystyle a_{n+1} = a_n - \frac{f(a_n)}{f'(a_n)}\) (\(\displaystyle n=1,2,\cdots\))。

    2. 证明: 对任意的正整数 \(\displaystyle n\), 都有 \(\displaystyle a_n > \alpha\)

    3. \(\displaystyle b_n = \ln \frac{a_n - \beta}{a_n - \alpha}\) (\(\displaystyle n=1,2,\cdots\)), 求数列 \(\displaystyle \{b_n\}\) 的前 \(\displaystyle n\) 项和 \(\displaystyle S_n\)
    4. 【2006天津文21】已知数列 \(\displaystyle \{x_n\}\) 满足 \(\displaystyle x_1 = x_2 = 1\), 并且 \(\displaystyle \frac{x_{n+1}}{x_n} = \lambda \frac{x_n}{x_{n-1}}\) (\(\displaystyle \lambda\) 为非零参数, \(\displaystyle n=2,3,4,\cdots\))。

    (1) 若 \(\displaystyle x_1, x_3, x_5\) 成等比数列, 求参数 \(\displaystyle \lambda\) 的值;

    (2) 设 \(\displaystyle 0 < \lambda < 1\), 常数 \(\displaystyle k \in \mathbb{N}^*\)\(\displaystyle k \geqslant 3\), 证明: \(\displaystyle \frac{x_{1+k}}{x_1} + \frac{x_{2+k}}{x_2} + \cdots + \frac{x_{n+k}}{x_n} < \frac{\lambda^k}{1-\lambda^k}\) (\(\displaystyle n \in \mathbb{N}^*\))。 11. 【2019海南新高考适应性测试22】已知数列\(\displaystyle \left \{ a_n\right \}\)的首项不为零,其前\(\displaystyle n\)项和为\(\displaystyle S_n\),满足\(\displaystyle 2\sqrt{S_n}=a_n+c\)

    (1)证明:\(\displaystyle c\leqslant 1\)

    (2)若\(\displaystyle c=0\),证明:\(\displaystyle S_n\geqslant (n+1)^2\)

    (3)是否存在常数\(\displaystyle c\),使得\(\displaystyle \left \{ a_n \right \}\)是等比数列?若存在,求出\(\displaystyle c\)的所有可能值,否则请说明理由。 12. 【2026成都二诊19】在数列\(\displaystyle \{a_n\}\)中,\(\displaystyle a_1=1\),\(\displaystyle a_{n+1}=\sqrt{a_n+2}\),设\(\displaystyle \{a_n\}\)的前\(\displaystyle n\)项和为\(\displaystyle S_n\)

    1. 是否存在常数$\displaystyle A,\omega(A>0,0<\omega<2\pi)$,使得$\displaystyle a_n=A\cos\frac{\omega}{2^n}$?若存在,求$\displaystyle A$和$\displaystyle \omega$的值,否则请说明理由;
    
    1. \(\displaystyle [2S_1+1]+[2S_2+1]+\dots+[2S_n+1]\).

B 组习题

B组

  1. 【2023 北京10】

    已知数列\(\displaystyle \left\{a_n\right\}\)满足\(\displaystyle a_{n+1}=\frac{1}{4}\left(a_n-6\right)^3+6\left(n=1,2,3,\cdots\right)\),则

    • \(\displaystyle 当a_1=3时,\{a_n\}为递减数列,且存在常数M\leqslant0,使得a_n>M恒成立\)
    • \(\displaystyle 当a_1=5时,\{a_n\}为递增数列,且存在常数M\leqslant6,使得a_n<M恒成立\)
    • \(\displaystyle 当a_1=7时,\{a_n\}为递减数列,且存在常数M>6,使得a_n>M恒成立\)
    • \(\displaystyle 当a_1=9时,\{a_n\}为递增数列,且存在常数M>0,使得a_n<M恒成立\)
    答案

    B. 因为\(\displaystyle a_{n+1}-6=\frac{1}{4}\left(a_n-6\right)^3\),当\(\displaystyle a_1<6\)时,\(\displaystyle a_n-6<0\)恒成立;当\(\displaystyle a_1>6\)时,\(\displaystyle a_n-6>0\)恒成立;故只要\(\displaystyle a_1\ne6\),那么\(\displaystyle a_n\ne6\),此时取以\(\displaystyle 2\)为底的对数可得 $\(\displaystyle \log_2\left|a_{n+1}-6\right|=3\log_2\left|a_n-6\right|-2,\Longleftrightarrow\log_2\left|a_{n+1}-6\right|-1=3\left(\log_2\left|a_n-6\right|-1\right).\)$ 因此\(\displaystyle \left\{\log_2\left|a_{n+1}-6\right|-1\right\}\)是公比为\(\displaystyle 3\)的等比数列,从而\(\displaystyle \log_2\left|a_n-6\right|-1=\left(\log_2\left|a_1-6\right|-1\right)\cdot3^{n-1}\),即 $\(\displaystyle \left|a_n-6\right|=2\times2^{\left(\log_2\left|a_1-6\right|-1\right)\cdot3^{n-1}}=2\times\left(\frac{1}{2\left|a_1-6\right|}\right)^{3^{n-1}}.\)$ ①当\(\displaystyle a_1=3\)时,\(\displaystyle a_n=6-2\times\left(\frac{3}{2}\right)^{3^{n-1}}\),故\(\displaystyle \left\{a_n\right\}\)为递减数列,但是\(\displaystyle a_n\to-\infty\left(n\to\infty\right)\)\(\displaystyle \left\{a_n\right\}\)没有下界,故不存在常数\(\displaystyle M\leqslant0\)使得\(\displaystyle a_n>M\)恒成立,故\(\displaystyle A\)错误.

    ②当\(\displaystyle a_1=5\)时,\(\displaystyle a_n=6-2\times\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^{3^{n-1}}\),故\(\displaystyle \left\{a_n\right\}\)为递增数列,并且对常数\(\displaystyle M=6\),有\(\displaystyle a_n<6\)恒成立,故\(\displaystyle B\)正确.

    ③当\(\displaystyle a_1=7\)时,\(\displaystyle a_n=6+2\times\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^{3^{n-1}}\),故\(\displaystyle \left\{a_n\right\}\)为递减数列,但是\(\displaystyle a_n\to6\left(n\to\infty\right)\),故不存在大于\(\displaystyle 6\)的常数\(\displaystyle M\)使得\(\displaystyle a_n>M\)恒成立,故\(\displaystyle C\)错误.

    ④当\(\displaystyle a_1=9\)时,\(\displaystyle a_n=6+2\times\left(\frac{3}{2}\right)^{3^{n-1}}\),故\(\displaystyle \left\{a_n\right\}\)为递增数列,但是\(\displaystyle a_n\to+\infty\left(n\to\infty\right)\)\(\displaystyle \left\{a_n\right\}\)没有上界,故不存在常数\(\displaystyle M>0\)使得\(\displaystyle a_n<M\)恒成立,故\(\displaystyle D\)错误.

    【实测数据】本题难度\(\displaystyle 0.52\),标准差\(\displaystyle 2.00\),区分度\(\displaystyle 0.46\).得分率较低,说明考生的逻辑推理素养水平不乐观.

    1. 【2012 四川16改编】(多选)\(\displaystyle a\)为正整数,数列\(\displaystyle \left\{x_n\right\}\)满足\(\displaystyle x_1=a\)\(\displaystyle x_{n+1}=\left[\frac{x_n+\left[\frac{a}{x_n}\right]}{2}\right]\left(n\in\mathbb{N}^{*}\right)\).则下列命题正确的是

      <div class="choices choices--4" markdown>
      
    2. \(\displaystyle a=5\)时,数列\(\displaystyle \left\{x_n\right\}\)的前\(\displaystyle 3\)项依次为\(\displaystyle 5,3,2\)

    3. 对数列\(\displaystyle \left\{x_n\right\}\),都存在正整数\(\displaystyle k\),当\(\displaystyle n\geqslant k\)时总有\(\displaystyle x_n=x_k\)
    4. \(\displaystyle n\geqslant1\)时,\(\displaystyle x_n>\sqrt{a}-1\)
    5. 对某个正整数\(\displaystyle k\),若\(\displaystyle x_{k+1}\geqslant x_k\),则\(\displaystyle x_k=\left[\sqrt{a}\right]\)
    ??? answer "答案"

ACD.
            根据取整函数的定义,$\displaystyle \left[x\right]\leqslant x<\left[x\right]+1$.(*)

①因为$\displaystyle x_1=a=5$,$\displaystyle x_2=\left[\frac{5+\left[\frac{5}{5}\right]}{2}\right]=3$,$\displaystyle x_3=\left[\frac{3+\left[\frac{5}{3}\right]}{2}\right]=2$,故①正确.

②设$\displaystyle a=3$,则$\displaystyle x_1=3$,$\displaystyle x_2=2$,$\displaystyle x_3=1$,$\displaystyle x_4=2$.从第$\displaystyle 2$项开始,$\displaystyle \left\{x_n\right\}$是以$\displaystyle 2$为周期的数列,所以此时不可能从某项开始就为常数列,故②错误.

③当$\displaystyle n=1$时显然正确.当$\displaystyle n\geqslant2$时,由(*)得
$$\displaystyle x_{n+1}=\left[\frac{x_n+\left[\frac{a}{x_n}\right]}{2}\right]\geqslant\left[\frac{x_n+\frac{a}{x_n}}{2}\right]\geqslant\left[\frac{2\sqrt{a}}{2}\right]>\sqrt{a}-1.$$
故③正确.

④由(*),$\displaystyle x_{k+1}\leqslant\frac{x_k+\left[\frac{a}{x_k}\right]}{2}\leqslant\frac{x_k+\frac{a}{x_k}}{2}$,由于$\displaystyle x_{k+1}\geqslant x_k$,则$\displaystyle x_k\leqslant\frac{x_k+\frac{a}{x_k}}{2}$,化简得$\displaystyle x_k^2\leqslant a$,因此$\displaystyle x_k\leqslant\sqrt{a}$.

由③,$\displaystyle x_k>\sqrt{a}-1$,根据(*),位于区间$\displaystyle \left(\sqrt{a}-1,\sqrt{a}\right]$的正整数只有$\displaystyle \left[\sqrt{a}\right]$.所以④正确.
  1. 【2020上海春16】对于数列\(\displaystyle \left \{a_n \right \}\),有\(\displaystyle a_{n+3}=a_n\),且\(\displaystyle a_na_{n+3}-a_{n+2}a_{n+1}=c\),其中\(\displaystyle n\in\mathbb{N^*}\)且常数\(\displaystyle c\in\mathbb{R}\),下列选项中不可能的是
  • \(\displaystyle a_1=1,c=1\)
  • \(\displaystyle a_1=2,c=2\)
  • \(\displaystyle a_1=-1,c=4\)
  • \(\displaystyle a_2=2,c=0\)

4. 若数列\(\displaystyle \left \{ a_n \right \}\)满足\(\displaystyle a_1=0,a_2\neq 0,|a_{n+1}-a_n|=\frac{1}{2}|a_n-a_{n-1},n\in\mathbb{N^*}|\),则\(\displaystyle \frac{a_{10}}{a_9}\)的最大可能值为?最小可能值为? 5. 【2008大纲卷I理22】 设函数 \(\displaystyle f(x) = x - x\ln x\). 数列 \(\displaystyle \{a_n\}\) 满足 \(\displaystyle 0 < a_1 < 1\), \(\displaystyle a_{n+1} = f(a_n)\)

(1) 证明: 函数 \(\displaystyle f(x)\) 在区间 \(\displaystyle (0,1)\) 是增函数;

(2) 证明: \(\displaystyle a_n < a_{n+1} < 1\)

(3) 设 \(\displaystyle b \in (a_1,1)\), 整数 \(\displaystyle k\geqslant \frac{a_1 - b}{a_1\ln b}\). 证明: \(\displaystyle a_{k+1} > b\)

C 组习题

D 组习题