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3.4导数

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导数

基本概念

定义 1.4.1(导数)

给定一个函数\(\displaystyle y=f(x)\),对应于自变量的改变量\(\displaystyle \Delta x\),函数的改变量是\(\displaystyle \Delta y\),当\(\displaystyle \Delta x\to 0\)时,比\(\displaystyle \frac{\Delta y}{\Delta x}\)的极限(如果存在)叫做这函数的导数,记作\(\displaystyle y'\)\(\displaystyle f'(x)\)

\(\displaystyle f'(x)=\lim_{\Delta x\to 0}\frac{\Delta y}{\Delta x}=\lim_{\Delta x\to 0}\frac{f(x+\Delta x)-f(x)}{\Delta x}\)

注:以下求导法则中,涉及的函数均是可导的.

常用初等函数的导数如下: $$\displaystyle (x^n)' &= nx^{n-1} (a^x)' &= a^x\ln a,特别地,(\mathrm{e}^x)'=\mathrm{e}^x (\log_ax)'&=\frac{1}{x\ln a},特别地,(\ln x)' = \frac{1}{x} (\sin x)' &= \cos x (\cos x)' &= -\sin x (\tan x)' &= \frac{1}{\cos ^2x} $$

定理:函数和、差、积、商的求导法则

已知函数\(\displaystyle f(x),g(x)\)可导,则其和、差、积、商的求导法则如下:

\(\displaystyle (f(x)\pm g(x))'=f'(x)\pm g'(x)\)

$\displaystyle (f(x)g(x))'=f'(x)g(x)+f(x)g'(x)$

$\displaystyle [\frac{f(x)}{g(x)}]'=\frac{f'(x)g(x)-f(x)g'(x)}{g^2(x)},\text{其中}g(x)\neq 0$

定理:复合函数求导法则

已知函数\(\displaystyle f(x),g(x)\),复合函数\(\displaystyle \varphi (x)=f(g(x))\)的求导求法如下:

\(\displaystyle [f(g(x))]'=f'(g(x))\cdot g'(x)\)

导数的简单应用

\paragraph{利用导数求函数上一点的切线}设\(\displaystyle P(x_0,f(x_0))\)在函数\(\displaystyle y=f(x)\)的图象上,且\(\displaystyle y=f(x)\)\(\displaystyle x=x_0\)处的导数存在,函数\(\displaystyle y=f(x)\)\(\displaystyle P\)点处的切线为\(\displaystyle y=f'(x_0)(x-x_0)+f(x_0)\)

\paragraph{拓展:利用导数求曲线上一点的切线}函数有严格的图像限制(参考本章第一节),曲线则宽松得多,比如圆、椭圆或者其他更复杂的封闭曲线.

我们先引入二维平面内点的邻域的定义:

\paragraph{二维平面内点的邻域}设点 \(\displaystyle P_0 = (x_0, y_0)\) 是平面上的一个点,给定一个正实数 \(\displaystyle \delta > 0\),点 \(\displaystyle P_0\)\(\displaystyle \delta\)-邻域,通常记作 \(\displaystyle U(P_0, \delta)\),是指平面上与点 \(\displaystyle P_0\) 的欧几里得距离小于 \(\displaystyle \delta\) 的所有点 \(\displaystyle P(x, y)\) 的集合.

用数学表达式书写为: $\(\displaystyle U(P_0, \delta) = \{ (x, y) \in \mathbb{R}^2 \mid \sqrt{(x - x_0)^2 + (y - y_0)^2} < \delta \}\)$

这就是以 \(\displaystyle P_0\) 为圆心,\(\displaystyle \delta\) 为半径的开圆盘(“开”意味着圆盘的边界不包含在邻域内)

设曲线\(\displaystyle C\)上某一点为\(\displaystyle P\),虽然曲线\(\displaystyle C\)可能无法表成一个函数的图象,但如果只看\(\displaystyle P\)的某个邻域,在这个邻域中,\(\displaystyle C\)的图象可能可以表成一个函数的图象,以椭圆方程\(\displaystyle C:\frac{x^2}{4}+y^2=1\)为例,取\(\displaystyle P(1,\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2})\),当\(\displaystyle \delta\)很小时,包含在\(\displaystyle U(P,\delta)\)内的\(\displaystyle C\)的曲线可以被视为某个函数的图象.

导数反映了某一点的“局部变化率”,如果曲线在某个局部总可以表现得像一个函数,那么我们就可以对此点求导,得到该点的切线斜率.

这些曲线多半写成隐函数的形式,为计算这些曲线的切线斜率,我们没必要将原方程化为\(\displaystyle y=f(x)\) 的显式形式,可以直接对整个方程求导.此处通过一个例子来解释:

\paragraph{例}求证:椭圆\(\displaystyle \frac{x^2}{a^2}+\frac{y^2}{b^2}=1\)在点\(\displaystyle (x_0,y_0)(y_0\neq 0)\)处的切线方程为\(\displaystyle \frac{x_0x}{a^2}+\frac{y_0y}{b^2}=1\).

证明

先求出切线斜率,即\(\displaystyle y=f'(x_0)\),\(\displaystyle \frac{x^2}{a^2}+\frac{y^2}{b^2}=1\)定义了\(\displaystyle y=f(x)\)这个隐函数.

已知椭圆方程$\displaystyle \frac{x^2}{a^2}+\frac{[f(x)]^2}{b^2}=1$,两边对$\displaystyle x$求导,得:

<div align="center" markdown>

\(\displaystyle \frac{2x}{a^2}+\frac{2f'(x)f(x)}{b^2}=0\)

得$\displaystyle f'(x_0)=-\frac{b^2x_0}{a^2y_0}$,带入切线的点斜式方程,有
<div align="center" markdown>

\(\displaystyle y-y_0=-\frac{b^2x_0}{a^2y_0}(x-x_0)\)

化简过程略.

问题

已知椭圆\(\displaystyle C:\frac{x^2}{a^2}+\frac{y^2}{b^2}=1\),\(\displaystyle P_0(a,0)\),处在\(\displaystyle P_0\)的某个邻域内的曲线\(\displaystyle C\)的图象可以表成某个函数的图象吗?为什么?

\paragraph{隐函数定理的粗浅解释}如果曲线在该点处的切线不是垂直于\(\displaystyle x\)轴的,那么方程 \(\displaystyle F(x, y) = 0\) 就能在该点的某个邻域内表示为某个函数的图象.

\paragraph{应用二:利用导数判断连续函数的单调性}若\(\displaystyle f(x)\)\(\displaystyle [a,b]\)连续,在\(\displaystyle (a,b)\)\(\displaystyle f'(x)>0\)\(\displaystyle f'(x)<0\)),那么\(\displaystyle f(x)\)\(\displaystyle [a,b]\)严格单调递增(严格单调递减).

\paragraph{极值点}设函数 \(\displaystyle f(x)\) 的定义域为 \(\displaystyle D\),\(\displaystyle x_0 \in D\).若存在 \(\displaystyle x_0\) 的一个去心邻域 \footnote{\(\displaystyle \mathring{U}(x_0, \delta)=\{x|0<|x-x_0|<\delta\}\)}\(\displaystyle \mathring{U}(x_0, \delta)\subseteq D\),\(\displaystyle \forall x\in \mathring{U}(x_0, \delta)\),都有\(\displaystyle f(x) < f(x_0)\)\(\displaystyle f(x)> f(x_0)\)) 成立,则称 \(\displaystyle x_0\) 为函数 \(\displaystyle f(x)\) 的一个极大值点(极小值点),\(\displaystyle f(x_0)\) 称为极大值(极小值).

\paragraph{极值点判定的第一充分条件}接上,若存在\(\displaystyle \delta>0\),使得\(\displaystyle f'(x)\)\(\displaystyle (x_0-\delta,x_0)\) 上为正(负),在\(\displaystyle (x_0,x_0+\delta)\)上为负(正),则 \(\displaystyle x_0\)极大值点(极小值点).

\paragraph{极值点判定的第二充分条件}设 \(\displaystyle f(x)\)\(\displaystyle x_0\) 处有二阶导数,且 \(\displaystyle f'(x_0) = 0\):\footnote{其证明将作为第五节的习题}

若 $\displaystyle f''(x_0) < 0$,则 $\displaystyle x_0$ 为**极大值点**.

若 $\displaystyle f''(x_0) > 0$,则 $\displaystyle x_0$ 为**极小值点**.

若 $\displaystyle f''(x_0) = 0$,则无法通过此方法判定.

\paragraph{极值点判定的第三充分条件}设函数 \(\displaystyle f(x)\) 在点 \(\displaystyle x_0\) 处具有直到 \(\displaystyle n\) 阶的连续导数,且满足: $\(\displaystyle f'(x_0) = f''(x_0) = \dots = f^{(n-1)}(x_0) = 0,\text{但} f^{(n)}(x_0) \neq 0\)$

\(\displaystyle n\) 为偶数时:

\(\displaystyle f^{(n)}(x_0) < 0\),则 \(\displaystyle x_0\)\(\displaystyle f(x)\) 的极大值点;

\(\displaystyle f^{(n)}(x_0) > 0\),则 \(\displaystyle x_0\)\(\displaystyle f(x)\) 的极小值点;

\(\displaystyle n\) 为奇数时:

\(\displaystyle x_0\)不是\(\displaystyle f(x)\) 的极值点.

A 组习题

\(\displaystyle \quad\)

A组

  1. 【2021新高考I卷7】若过点\(\displaystyle (a,b)\)可以作曲线\(\displaystyle y=\mathrm{e}^x\)的两条切线,则

    • \(\displaystyle \mathrm{e}^b<a\)
    • \(\displaystyle \mathrm{e}^a<b\)
    • \(\displaystyle 0<a<\mathrm{e}^b\)
    • \(\displaystyle 0<b<\mathrm{e}^a\)
    答案

    D.

    1. 【2023四省联考7】设函数\(\displaystyle f(x),g(x)\)\(\displaystyle \mathbb{R}\)上的导函数存在,且\(\displaystyle f'(x)<g'(x)\),则当\(\displaystyle x\in (a,b)\)

    2. \(\displaystyle f(x)<g(x)\)

    3. \(\displaystyle f(x)>g(x)\)
    4. \(\displaystyle f(x)+g(a)<g(x)+f(a)\)
    5. \(\displaystyle f(x)+g(b)<g(x)+f(b)\)
答案

C.

  1. 【2007辽宁理12】已知 \(\displaystyle f(x)\)\(\displaystyle g(x)\) 是定义在 \(\displaystyle \mathbb{R}\) 上的连续函数, 如果 \(\displaystyle f(x)\)\(\displaystyle g(x)\) 仅当 \(\displaystyle x=0\) 时的函数值为 \(\displaystyle 0\), 且 \(\displaystyle f(x) \geqslant g(x)\), 那么下列情形不可能出现的是

  2. \(\displaystyle 0\)\(\displaystyle f(x)\) 的极大值, 也是 \(\displaystyle g(x)\) 的极大值

  3. \(\displaystyle 0\)\(\displaystyle f(x)\) 的极小值, 也是 \(\displaystyle g(x)\) 的极小值
  4. \(\displaystyle 0\)\(\displaystyle f(x)\) 的极大值, 但不是 \(\displaystyle g(x)\) 的极值
  5. \(\displaystyle 0\)\(\displaystyle f(x)\) 的极小值, 但不是 \(\displaystyle g(x)\) 的极值
答案

C.

\(\displaystyle 0\)\(\displaystyle f(x)\) 的极大值点,则存在\(\displaystyle \delta>0\),当\(\displaystyle x\in (-\delta,\delta)\)时,\(\displaystyle f(x)\leqslant f(0)=0\),在这个区间有 \(\displaystyle g(x)\leqslant f(x)\leqslant0\)。因此 \(\displaystyle g(0)=0\) 也是 \(\displaystyle g(x)\) 的极大值,故选项 C 所述情形不可能出现。

其余情形均可能出现。A选项取 $\displaystyle f(x)=g(x)=-x^2$;B选项取$\displaystyle f(x)=g(x)=x^2$;C选项取 $\displaystyle f(x)=x^2,g(x)=\frac{x^3}{1+x^2}$即可。
  1. 【2006 港澳台华侨联考12】 已知\(\displaystyle f\left(x\right)\)\(\displaystyle g\left(x\right)\)\(\displaystyle \mathbb{R}\)上的可导函数,对任意实数\(\displaystyle x\),都有\(\displaystyle f\left(x\right)g\left(x\right)\ne0\)\(\displaystyle f\left(x\right)g'\left(x\right)>f'\left(x\right)g\left(x\right)\),那么,当\(\displaystyle a<x<b\)时,必有
答案

C. 设\(\displaystyle h\left(x\right)=\frac{g\left(x\right)}{f\left(x\right)}\),则\(\displaystyle h'\left(x\right)=\frac{f\left(x\right)g'\left(x\right)-f'\left(x\right)g\left(x\right)}{\left[f\left(x\right)\right]^2}>0\)恒成立,

所以\(\displaystyle h\left(x\right)\)\(\displaystyle \mathbb{R}\)上单调递增.因此当\(\displaystyle a<x<b\)时, $\(\displaystyle \frac{g\left(b\right)}{f\left(b\right)}>\frac{g\left(x\right)}{f\left(x\right)}>\frac{g\left(a\right)}{f\left(a\right)}\eqno{(*)}\)$

因为\(\displaystyle f\left(x\right)g\left(x\right)\ne0\)恒成立,所以\(\displaystyle f\left(x\right)\)\(\displaystyle g\left(x\right)\)\(\displaystyle \mathbb{R}\)中都是要么恒正,要么恒负.于是\(\displaystyle f\left(x\right)f\left(b\right)>0\)\(\displaystyle f\left(x\right)f\left(a\right)>0\). 所以对\(\displaystyle \left(*\right)\)的左半边同乘\(\displaystyle f\left(x\right)f\left(b\right)\),对\(\displaystyle \left(*\right)\)的右半边同乘\(\displaystyle f\left(x\right)f\left(a\right)\),得\(\displaystyle g\left(b\right)f\left(x\right)>g\left(x\right)f\left(b\right)\)\(\displaystyle f\left(a\right)g\left(x\right)>g\left(a\right)f\left(x\right)\).故选C.

  1. 【2013福建文12理8加强】已知\(\displaystyle f(x)\)是定义在\(\displaystyle \mathbb{R}\)上的奇函数,且\(\displaystyle f(x)\)可导,若\(\displaystyle x_0\)\(\displaystyle f(x)\)的极小值点,则下列说法错误的是

  2. \(\displaystyle -x_0\)是函数\(\displaystyle y=f(x)\)的极大值点

  3. \(\displaystyle x_0\)是函数\(\displaystyle y=\mathrm{e}^{f(x)}\)的极小值点
  4. \(\displaystyle -x_0\)是函数\(\displaystyle y=\mathrm{e}^{f(-x)}\)的极小值点
  5. \(\displaystyle x_0\)是函数\(\displaystyle y=f(-x)\)的极小值点
答案

D.

原题:
    **【2013 福建文12 理8】**

设函数\(\displaystyle f\left(x\right)\)的定义域为\(\displaystyle \mathbb{R}\)\(\displaystyle x_0\left(x_0\ne0\right)\)\(\displaystyle f\left(x\right)\)的极大值点,以下结论一定正确的是

  1. 【2022台州二模9】已知\(\displaystyle n\in\mathbb{N_+}\),\(\displaystyle f(x)=\frac{1}{\sin^nx}+\frac{1}{\cos^{2n}x},x\in(0,\frac{\pi}{2})\),若\(\displaystyle f(x)\)\(\displaystyle x=x_0\)取到最小值,则下列恒成立的是
答案

C.

\(\displaystyle f(x)\) 求导,得 \(\displaystyle f'(x)=n\left(-\frac{\cos x}{\sin^{n+1}x}+\frac{2\sin x}{\cos^{2n+1}x}\right)=\frac{n(2\sin^{n+2}x-\cos^{2n+2}x)}{\sin ^{n+1}x\cos^{2n+1}x}\),记 \(\displaystyle h(x)=2\sin^{n+2}x-\cos^{2n+2}x\),可知\(\displaystyle h(x)\)\(\displaystyle (0,\frac{\pi}{2})\)单调递增,因为\(\displaystyle h(0)=-1,h(\frac{\pi}{2})=2,h(\frac{\pi}{4})=2^{-n/2}-2^{-n-1}>0\),于是\(\displaystyle h(x)\)存在唯一的零点\(\displaystyle x_0\)\(\displaystyle x_0<\frac{\pi}{4}\),此时\(\displaystyle f(x)\)\(\displaystyle (0,x_0)\)上单调递减,在\(\displaystyle (x_0,\frac{\pi}{2})\)上单调递增,于是ABD错误,C正确。

  1. 【2011浙江文10】设函数 \(\displaystyle f(x)=ax^2+bx+c\ (a,b,c \in \vv{R})\).若 \(\displaystyle x=-1\) 为函数 \(\displaystyle y=f(x)\mathrm{e}^x\) 的一个极值点,则 \(\displaystyle y=f(x)\) 的图象不可能满足

3.4.7

答案

D.

\(\displaystyle h(x)=f(x)\mathrm{e}^x\)。由 \(\displaystyle x=-1\)\(\displaystyle h(x)\) 的极值点,得 \(\displaystyle h'(-1)=\mathrm{e}^{-1}\bigl(f(-1)+f'(-1)\bigr)=0\),即 \(\displaystyle f(-1)+f'(-1)=0\)

\(\displaystyle f(x)=ax^2+bx+c\),则 \(\displaystyle f(-1)+f'(-1)=(a-b+c)+(-2a+b)=c-a\),所以 \(\displaystyle c=a\)。于是 \(\displaystyle f(-1)=2a-b\)

图 D 中抛物线开口向上,故 \(\displaystyle a>0\);同时其顶点在 \(\displaystyle x=-1\) 的左侧,所以 \(\displaystyle -\frac{b}{2a}<-1\),即 \(\displaystyle b>2a\)。这将导致 \(\displaystyle f(-1)=2a-b<0\),与图 D 中 \(\displaystyle f(-1)>0\) 矛盾,故 D 所示图象不可能满足题设条件。

例如图 A、B 可分别由 \(\displaystyle f(x)=(x+1)^2\)\(\displaystyle f(x)=-(x+1)^2\) 得到,图 C 可由 \(\displaystyle f(x)=-x^2+x-1\) 得到,均满足 \(\displaystyle c=a\)。故选 D。

  1. 【2013湖北理10】 已知\(\displaystyle a\)为常数,函数\(\displaystyle f\left(x\right) = x\left(\ln x - ax\right)\)有两个极值点\(\displaystyle x_1, x_2\left(x_1 < x_2\right),\)
答案

D.

  1. 【2026福州质检8】已知函数\(\displaystyle f(x)=(x-a)^m(x-b)^n\)\(\displaystyle m,n\in\vv{N}^*\),\(\displaystyle m<n\),\(\displaystyle a\neq b\))有且仅有3个极值点\(\displaystyle x_1,x_2,x_3\),且\(\displaystyle x_1<x_2<x_3\),则

  2. \(\displaystyle m\)为奇数

  3. \(\displaystyle n\)为奇数
  4. \(\displaystyle a<b\),则\(\displaystyle 2x_2>x_1+x_3\)
  5. \(\displaystyle a>b\),则\(\displaystyle 2x_2>x_1+x_3\)
答案

D.

\(\displaystyle f'(x)=(x-a)^{m-1}(x-b)^{n-1}\bigl((m+n)x-na-mb\bigr)\), 得三个临界点为 \(\displaystyle a\)\(\displaystyle b\)\(\displaystyle \frac{na+mb}{m+n}\)。最后一个临界点位于 \(\displaystyle a,b\) 之间,它一定是极值点。

由于题设恰有三个极值点,\(\displaystyle a\)\(\displaystyle b\) 也必须是极值点。临界点 \(\displaystyle a\) 的因子阶数为 \(\displaystyle m-1\),临界点 \(\displaystyle b\) 的因子阶数为 \(\displaystyle n-1\),要使导函数在这两点变号,必须有 \(\displaystyle m,n\) 均为偶数。因此 A、B 均错误。

\(\displaystyle a<b\) 时,\(\displaystyle x_1=a\)\(\displaystyle x_2=\frac{na+mb}{m+n}\)\(\displaystyle x_3=b\),从而 \(\displaystyle 2x_2-x_1-x_3=\frac{(n-m)(a-b)}{m+n}<0\)。 当 \(\displaystyle a>b\) 时,上式大于 \(\displaystyle 0\),故 D 正确,正确选项为 D。

  1. 【2021全国乙卷理10】\(\displaystyle a\neq 0\),若\(\displaystyle x=a\)为函数\(\displaystyle f(x)=a(x-a)^2(x-b)\)的极大值点,则

  2. \(\displaystyle a<b\)

  3. \(\displaystyle a>b\)
  4. \(\displaystyle ab<a^2\)
  5. \(\displaystyle ab>a^2\)
答案

D.

方法一:可知$\displaystyle f'(x)=a(x-a)\left(3x-(a+2b)\right) =3a(x-a)\left(x-\frac{a+2b}{3}\right).$

\(\displaystyle f'(x)=0\),解得\(\displaystyle x=a\text{或} x=\frac{a+2b}{3}.\)

\(\displaystyle a<0\),由于 \(\displaystyle x=a\) 为函数的极大值点,可得\(\displaystyle \frac{a+2b}{3}<a,\)\(\displaystyle b<a\)。此时 \(\displaystyle f(x)\)\(\displaystyle (-\infty,b-a)\)\(\displaystyle (a,+\infty)\) 上单调递减,在 \(\displaystyle (b-a,a)\) 上单调递增,所以\(\displaystyle a(a-b)<0\),即\(\displaystyle a^2<ab.\)

\(\displaystyle a>0\),由于 \(\displaystyle x=a\) 为函数的极小值点,可得\(\displaystyle a<\frac{a+2b}{3},\)\(\displaystyle a<b\)。此时 \(\displaystyle f(x)\)\(\displaystyle (b-a,+\infty)\) 上单调递增,在 \(\displaystyle (a,b-a)\) 上单调递减,所以同样有\(\displaystyle a(a-b)<0\),即\(\displaystyle a^2<ab.\) 故选 D。

方法二:令 \(\displaystyle f(x)=0\),解得 \(\displaystyle x=a\)\(\displaystyle x=b\),其中 \(\displaystyle x=a\) 是二重零点。若 \(\displaystyle a>0\),由三次函数的性质可知,使 \(\displaystyle x=a\) 是极大值点,则函数图像如图1,所以 \(\displaystyle 0<a<b\);若 \(\displaystyle a<0\),则函数图像如图2,所以 \(\displaystyle b<a<0\)。综上 \(\displaystyle ab>a^2\),故选 D。

  1. 【2013浙江理8】已知函数 \(\displaystyle f(x) = (\text{e}^x - 1) (x - 1)^k\),下列命题正确的是
答案

C.

当 $\displaystyle k=1$ 时,

\(\displaystyle f(x)=(\mathrm{e}^x-1)(x-1),\) \(\displaystyle f'(x)=\mathrm{e}^x(x-1)+\mathrm{e}^x-1.\) 所以 \(\displaystyle f'(1)\ne0\),故 \(\displaystyle f(x)\)\(\displaystyle x=1\) 处不是极值。

\(\displaystyle k=2\) 时, \(\displaystyle f'(x)=\mathrm{e}^x(x-1)^2+(2x-2)(\mathrm{e}^x-1) =(x-1)\left[\mathrm{e}^x(x+1)-2\right].\)\(\displaystyle x>1\) 时,\(\displaystyle f'(x)>0\);当 \(\displaystyle 0<x<1\) 时,\(\displaystyle f'(x)<0\)。因此 \(\displaystyle f(x)\)\(\displaystyle (0,1)\) 上单调递减,在 \(\displaystyle (1,+\infty)\) 上单调递增,从而 \(\displaystyle f(x)\)\(\displaystyle x=1\) 处取得极小值。

  1. 【2024新高考II卷11】(多选)设函数\(\displaystyle f(x)=2x^3-3ax^2+1\),则

  2. \(\displaystyle a>1\)时,\(\displaystyle f(x)\)有三个零点

  3. \(\displaystyle a<0\)时,\(\displaystyle x=0\)\(\displaystyle f(x)\)的极大值点
  4. 存在\(\displaystyle a,b\),使得\(\displaystyle x=b\)为曲线\(\displaystyle y=f(x)\)的对称轴
  5. 存在\(\displaystyle a\),使得点\(\displaystyle (1,f(1))\)为曲线\(\displaystyle y=f(x)\)的对称中心
答案

AD.

  1. 【“神算杯一模”(B卷)(网络联考)10】(多选)已知\(\displaystyle M\)为椭圆\(\displaystyle \frac{x^2}{4}+\frac{y^2}{3}=1\)上一动点,\(\displaystyle N\)为平面内一定点,设\(\displaystyle t\)\(\displaystyle M\)点的横坐标.若\(\displaystyle |MN|\)可表示为\(\displaystyle t\)的函数\(\displaystyle f(t)\),则
答案

ACD.

\(\displaystyle |MN|\) 可以表示成 \(\displaystyle t\)的函数\(\displaystyle f(t)\),则横坐标相同的点到 \(\displaystyle N\) 的距离应相等,这是椭圆中关于\(\displaystyle x\)轴对称的两点,于是\(\displaystyle N\) 必须在 \(\displaystyle x\) 轴上,因此A正确,B错误。

\(\displaystyle N=(0,0)\),此时\(\displaystyle |MN|\)的最小值在上下顶点取到,故\(\displaystyle \sqrt{3}\)\(\displaystyle f(t)\)的极小值,C 正确。

\(\displaystyle N(p,0)\),椭圆上横坐标为 \(\displaystyle t\) 的点为 \(\displaystyle M=\left(t,\pm\sqrt{3-\frac{3t^2}{4}}\right)\),于是\(\displaystyle f(t)=\sqrt{(t-p)^2+3-\frac{3t^2}{4}}=\frac{1}{4}t^2-2pt+p^2+3\)

\(\displaystyle N=(\frac18,0)\),则 \(\displaystyle f(t)^2=(t-\tfrac18)^2+3-\frac{3t^2}{4}\),函数在 \(\displaystyle t=\frac12\) 处取得最小值,D 正确。因此正确选项为 ACD。

  1. 【2023新高考II卷11】(多选)若函数\(\displaystyle f(x)=a\ln x+\frac{b}{x}+\frac{c}{x^2}(a\neq 0)\)既有极大值也有极小值,则

  2. \(\displaystyle bc>0\)

  3. \(\displaystyle ab>0\)
  4. \(\displaystyle b^2+8ac>0\)
  5. \(\displaystyle ac<0\)
答案

BCD.

\(\displaystyle f\left(x\right)=a\ln x+\frac{b}{x}+\frac{c}{x^2}\left(a\ne0\right)\),得\(\displaystyle f'\left(x\right)=\frac{a}{x}-\frac{b}{x^2}-\frac{2c}{x^3}=\frac{1}{x^3}\left(ax^2-bx-2c\right)\)

因为\(\displaystyle f\left(x\right)\)的定义域是\(\displaystyle \left(0,+\infty\right)\),要使\(\displaystyle f\left(x\right)\)既有极大值又有极小值,方程\(\displaystyle f'\left(x\right)=0\)有两个不同的正根,即方程\(\displaystyle ax^2-bx-2c=0\)有两个正根\(\displaystyle x_1\)\(\displaystyle x_2\).因此,\(\displaystyle \Delta=b^2+8ac>0\)\(\displaystyle x_1+x_2=\frac{b}{a}>0\)\(\displaystyle x_1x_2=-\frac{2c}{a}>0\).所以\(\displaystyle a,b\)同号;\(\displaystyle a,c\)异号;\(\displaystyle b,c\)异号.综上,A错误,B正确,C正确,D正确.

  1. 【2011湖南文7】 求曲线 \(\displaystyle y=\frac{\sin x}{\sin x+\cos x}-\frac{1}{2}\) 在点 \(\displaystyle M\left(\frac{\pi}{4},0\right)\) 处的切线的斜率.
答案

\(\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}\).

  1. 【2024 全国甲文7 理6】设函数\(\displaystyle f\left(x\right)=\frac{\mathrm{e}^x+2\sin x}{1+x^2}\),求曲线\(\displaystyle y=f\left(x\right)\)在点\(\displaystyle \left(0,-1\right)\)处的切线与两坐标轴所围成的三角形的面积。
答案

\(\displaystyle f'\left(x\right)=\frac{\left(\mathrm{e}^x+2\cos x\right)\left(1+x^2\right)-2x\left(\mathrm{e}^x+2\sin x\right)}{\left(1+x^2\right)^2}\),得曲线\(\displaystyle y=f\left(x\right)\)在点\(\displaystyle \left(0,1\right)\)处的切线斜率为\(\displaystyle k=f'\left(0\right)=3\),从而得切线方程为\(\displaystyle y=3x+1\).该切线与两坐标轴的交点分别为\(\displaystyle \left(-\frac{1}{3},0\right)\)\(\displaystyle \left(0,1\right)\),故切线与两坐标轴所围成的三角形的面积为\(\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}\times\frac{1}{3}\times1=\frac{1}{6}\)

  1. 【2020北京理19】已知函数 \(\displaystyle f(x) = 12 - x^2\).设曲线 \(\displaystyle y = f(x)\) 在点 \(\displaystyle (t, f(t))\) 处的切线与坐标轴围成的三角形的面积为 \(\displaystyle S(t)\),求 \(\displaystyle S(t)\) 的最小值.
答案

32.

  1. 【2009安徽9】已知函数 \(\displaystyle f(x)\)\(\displaystyle \vv{R}\) 上满足 \(\displaystyle f(x)=2f(2-x)-x^2+8x-8\),求曲线 \(\displaystyle y=f(x)\) 在点 \(\displaystyle (1,f(1))\) 处的切线方程.
答案

\(\displaystyle y=2x-1\).

思路1:由$\displaystyle f\left(x\right)=2f\left(2-x\right)-x^2+8x-8$,解得$\displaystyle f\left(x\right)=x^2$,于是$\displaystyle f\left(1\right)=1$,$\displaystyle f'\left(1\right)=2$,故切线方程为$\displaystyle y=2x-1$.

思路2:令\(\displaystyle x=1\),则\(\displaystyle f\left(1\right)=2f\left(1\right)-1\),解得\(\displaystyle f\left(1\right)=1\).求导可得\(\displaystyle f'\left(x\right)=-2f'\left(2-x\right)-2x+8\),令\(\displaystyle x=1\)可得\(\displaystyle f'\left(1\right)=-2f'\left(1\right)+6\),解得\(\displaystyle f'\left(1\right)=2\).故在点\(\displaystyle \left(1,f\left(1\right)\right)\)处的切线方程是\(\displaystyle y=2x-1\)

  1. 【2025“fiddie”模拟考13】设函数 \(\displaystyle f(x) = a\sin x + \sin 2x + \sin 3x\).已知曲线 \(\displaystyle y = f(x)\) 在点 \(\displaystyle (x_0, f(x_0))\) 处的切线方程为 \(\displaystyle y = x + \pi\),求曲线 \(\displaystyle y = f(x)\) 在点 \(\displaystyle (2\pi - x_0, f(2\pi - x_0))\) 处的切线方程.
答案

\(\displaystyle y=x-3\pi\). 可知 \(\displaystyle f(2\pi-x)=-f(x)\),于是 \(\displaystyle f'(2\pi-x)=f'(x)\),故 \(\displaystyle f'(2\pi-x_0)=f'(x_0)=1,f(2\pi -x_0)=-f(x_0)=-x_0-\pi\)

故所求切线为\(\displaystyle y=f'(2\pi-x_0)(x-(2\pi-x_0))+f(2\pi-x_0)=x-3\pi.\)

  1. \(\displaystyle \Delta ABC\)的三边长为\(\displaystyle a,b,c\),\(\displaystyle C\)为直角,判断\(\displaystyle f(x) = a\mathrm{e}^{ax} + b\mathrm{e}^{bx} - c\mathrm{e}^{cx}\)\(\displaystyle (0,+\infty)\)上的单调性.
答案

因为 \(\displaystyle C\) 为直角,故 \(\displaystyle c^2=a^2+b^2\),且 \(\displaystyle c>a,b>0\)。对函数求导得 \(\displaystyle f'(x)=a^2\mathrm{e}^{ax}+b^2\mathrm{e}^{bx}-c^2\mathrm{e}^{cx}\)

\(\displaystyle x>0\) 时,\(\displaystyle \mathrm{e}^{cx}>\mathrm{e}^{ax}\)\(\displaystyle \mathrm{e}^{cx}>\mathrm{e}^{bx}\),从而 \(\displaystyle c^2\mathrm{e}^{cx}=a^2\mathrm{e}^{cx}+b^2\mathrm{e}^{cx}>a^2\mathrm{e}^{ax}+b^2\mathrm{e}^{bx}\)。 所以 \(\displaystyle f'(x)<0\)\(\displaystyle \left(0,+\infty\right)\) 上恒成立,故 \(\displaystyle f(x)\)\(\displaystyle \left(0,+\infty\right)\) 上严格单调递减。

  1. 【2021新高考I卷15】 求函数\(\displaystyle f\left(x\right) = |2x - 1| - 2\ln x\)的最小值。
答案

1.

  1. 已知\(\displaystyle x_1\),\(\displaystyle x_2\)是函数\(\displaystyle f(x) = a\ln x + \frac{2}{x} - \frac{1}{2x^2}\)在定义域上的两个极值点,若\(\displaystyle f(x_1) + f(x_2) = \frac{2}{\mathrm{e}} + 2\),求\(\displaystyle a\)的值.
答案

\(\displaystyle a=\frac{1}{\mathrm \mathrm{e}}\).

\(\displaystyle f(x)\) 求导,得 \(\displaystyle f'(x)=\frac{ax^2-2x+1}{x^3}\)。 题设有两个极值点,故方程 \(\displaystyle ax^2-2x+1=0\) 有两个不同的正根 \(\displaystyle x_1,x_2\),从而 \(\displaystyle 0<a<1\),且 \(\displaystyle x_1+x_2=\frac2a, x_1x_2=\frac1a\)。可以得到, \(\displaystyle \ln(x_1x_2)=-\ln a\)\(\displaystyle \frac1{x_1}+\frac1{x_2}=2\)\(\displaystyle \frac1{x_1^2}+\frac1{x_2^2}=4-2a\)。 因此 \(\displaystyle f(x_1)+f(x_2)=-a\ln a+4-\frac12(4-2a)=a(1-\ln a)+2\)

由题设,\(\displaystyle a(1-\ln a)=\frac2{\mathrm \mathrm{e}}\)。函数 \(\displaystyle a(1-\ln a)\)\(\displaystyle (0,1)\) 上严格递增,且 \(\displaystyle a=\frac1{\mathrm \mathrm{e}}\) 满足等式,故 \(\displaystyle a=\frac1{\mathrm \mathrm{e}}\)

  1. 【2012全国卷12】设点\(\displaystyle P\)在曲线\(\displaystyle y=\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{e}^x\)上,点\(\displaystyle Q\)在曲线\(\displaystyle y=\ln(2x)\)上,求\(\displaystyle |PQ|\)的最小值.
答案

\(\displaystyle \sqrt2(1-\ln2)\).

  1. 【2021新高考II卷16】设函数\(\displaystyle f(x)=|\mathrm{e}^x-1|,x_1<0,x_2>0\),曲线\(\displaystyle y=f(x)\)在点\(\displaystyle A(x_1,f(x_1)),B(x_2,f(x_2))\)处的切线相互垂直,且分别交\(\displaystyle y\)轴于点\(\displaystyle M,N\),求\(\displaystyle \frac{|AM|}{|BN|}\)的取值范围.
答案

\(\displaystyle (0,1)\).

  1. 【2016全国II卷理16】若直线\(\displaystyle y=kx+b\)是曲线\(\displaystyle y=\ln x+2\)的切线,也是曲线\(\displaystyle y=\ln(x+1)\)的切线,求\(\displaystyle k,b\)的值.
答案

\(\displaystyle k=2,b=1-\ln2\).

  1. 【2014全国II卷理12】设函数\(\displaystyle f(x)=\sqrt{3}\sin\frac{\pi x}{m}\),若存在\(\displaystyle f(x)\)的极值点\(\displaystyle x_0\)满足\(\displaystyle x_0^2+[f(x_0)]^2<m^2\),求\(\displaystyle m\)的取值范围.
答案

\(\displaystyle (-\infty,-2)\cup(2,+\infty)\).

  1. 【2025绵阳三诊14】求集合\(\displaystyle \{(a,b)\mid \text{过}(a,b)\text{恰能作曲线}y=\ln x^2\text{的2条切线}\}\)
答案

\(\displaystyle \left\{(x,y)\mid x\neq0,\ y=2\ln|x|\right\}\cup\left\{(0,y)\mid y\in\mathbb R\right\}\).

  1. 【2023全国乙卷理16】\(\displaystyle a\in (0,1)\),若函数\(\displaystyle f(x)=a^x+(1+a)^x\)\(\displaystyle (0,+\infty)\)单调递增,求\(\displaystyle a\)的取值范围.
答案

\(\displaystyle \left[\frac{\sqrt{5}-1}{2}, 1\right)\).

    对$\displaystyle f(x)$求导,有$\displaystyle f'(x)=a^x \ln a + (1+a)^x \ln(1+a)$.

由题设,当\(\displaystyle x\in (0,+\infty)\)时,\(\displaystyle f'(x)=\geqslant 0\). 由于\(\displaystyle f''(x)=a^x \ln^2 a + (1+a)^x \ln^2(1+a)>0\),故\(\displaystyle f'(x)\)单调递增,所以当\(\displaystyle x\in (0,+\infty)\)\(\displaystyle f'(x)\geqslant 0\)等价于\(\displaystyle f'(0)\geqslant 0\),即\(\displaystyle \ln a + \ln(1+a) \geqslant 0\). 解该不等式得到\(\displaystyle a\leqslant \frac{-1-\sqrt{5}}{2}\)\(\displaystyle a\geqslant \frac{\sqrt{5}-1}{2}\). 由于\(\displaystyle a\in (0,1)\),所以\(\displaystyle a\)的取值范围是\(\displaystyle \left[\frac{\sqrt{5}-1}{2}, 1\right)\).

  1. 解答下述问题:

    1. 函数\(\displaystyle f(x)\)的定义域为\(\displaystyle D\),证明曲线\(\displaystyle y=f(x)\)存在两条过点\(\displaystyle (a,b)\)的切线的必要条件是 $\(\displaystyle \exists x_1,x_2\in D,x_1\neq x_2,f(x_1)-kx_1=f(x_2)-kx_2=b-ka\)$ 并举例说明该条件不充分.
      1. 写出曲线\(\displaystyle y=f(x)\)存在两条过点\(\displaystyle (a,b)\)的切线的充要条件;
      2. 【2022新高考I卷15】若曲线\(\displaystyle y=(x+a)\mathrm{e}^x\)有两条过坐标原点的切线,求\(\displaystyle a\)的取值范围;
      3. 【2010湖北文21】已知函数 \(\displaystyle f(x) = \frac{1}{3}x^3 - \frac{a}{2}x^2 + 1\), 其中 \(\displaystyle a > 0\).若过点 \(\displaystyle (0, 2)\) 可作曲线 \(\displaystyle y = f(x)\) 的三条不同的切线, 求 \(\displaystyle a\) 的取值范围.
      4. 【2026海淀二模20(1)】已知函数\(\displaystyle f(x)=\frac{x}{\sin x+2}\),其中\(\displaystyle a\in\mathbb{R}\).求曲线\(\displaystyle y=f(x)\)经过点\(\displaystyle (0,0)\)的切线条数;
答案

(3) \(\displaystyle a\in(-\infty,-4)\cup(0,+\infty)\)

    (4)
    $\displaystyle a>\sqrt[3]{24}$。

    (5)由
    $\displaystyle f'(x)=\frac{\sin x+2-x\cos x}{(\sin x+2)^2}$,切点为 $\displaystyle x=t$ 的切线经过原点当且仅当
    $\displaystyle f(t)-tf'(t)=\frac{t^2\cos t}{(\sin t+2)^2}=0$。
    因而切点为 $\displaystyle t=0$ 或 $\displaystyle t=\frac\pi2+k\pi$。其中所有满足 $\displaystyle \sin t=1$ 的切线均为 $\displaystyle y=\frac13x$,所有满足 $\displaystyle \sin t=-1$ 的切线均为 $\displaystyle y=x$,而 $\displaystyle t=0$ 给出 $\displaystyle y=\frac12x$。故不同切线共有 $\displaystyle 3$ 条。

 新答案(来源:061-080极值零点数列与切割函数图像.md):
  1. \(\displaystyle f'\left(x\right)=x^2-ax+b\),依题意 $\(\displaystyle \begin{cases} f'\left(0\right)=b=0\\ f\left(0\right)=c=1 \end{cases}\)$ ,即 $\(\displaystyle \begin{cases} b=0\\ c=1 \end{cases}\)$
  2. \(\displaystyle f\left(x\right)=\frac{1}{3}x^3-\frac{a}{2}x^2+1,f'\left(x\right)=x^2-ax\),假设 \(\displaystyle x_1\neq x_2\)\(\displaystyle f'\left(x_1\right)=f'\left(x_2\right)\)

    \(\displaystyle x_1^2-ax_1-x_2^2+ax_2=0\Rightarrow \left(x_1-x_2\right)\left(x_1+x_2-a\right)=0\Rightarrow x_1+x_2=a\)

    记曲线 \(\displaystyle y=f\left(x\right)\) 在点 \(\displaystyle \left(x_1,f\left(x_1\right)\right),\left(x_2,f\left(x_2\right)\right)\) 处的切线分别为 \(\displaystyle l_1,l_2\)

    \(\displaystyle \frac{\frac{1}{3}x_1^3-\frac{a}{2}x_1^2+1-2}{x_1-0}=x_1^2-ax_1\Rightarrow \frac{2}{3}x_1^3-\frac{a}{2}x_1^2+1=0\Rightarrow \frac{1}{6}x_1^3-\frac{1}{2}x_1^2x_2+1=0\)

    同理 \(\displaystyle \frac{1}{6}x_2^3-\frac{1}{2}x_1x_2^2+1=0\),进而 \(\displaystyle \frac{1}{6}x_1^3-\frac{1}{2}x_1^2x_2-\frac{1}{6}x_2^3+\frac{1}{2}x_1x_2^2=0\)

    \(\displaystyle \frac{1}{6}\left(x_1-x_2\right)^3=0,x_1=x_2\),矛盾,综上 \(\displaystyle f'\left(x_1\right)\neq f'\left(x_2\right)\).

  3. 记三条切线的切点分别为 \(\displaystyle \left(x_1,f\left(x_1\right)\right),\left(x_2,f\left(x_2\right)\right),\left(x_3,f\left(x_3\right)\right)\). 由(2)问过程可知 \(\displaystyle x_1,x_2,x_3\) 是方程 \(\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}x^3-\frac{a}{2}x^2+1=0\) 的三个根,

    \(\displaystyle g\left(x\right)=\frac{2}{3}x^3-\frac{a}{2}x^2+1,g'\left(x\right)=2x\left(x-\frac{a}{2}\right)\)

    \(\displaystyle x<0\) 时,\(\displaystyle g'\left(x\right)>0,g\left(x\right)\) 单调递增;\(\displaystyle 0<x<\frac{a}{2}\) 时,\(\displaystyle g'\left(x\right)<0,g\left(x\right)\) 单调递减;\(\displaystyle x>\frac{a}{2}\) 时,\(\displaystyle g'\left(x\right)>0,g\left(x\right)\) 单调递增.

    \(\displaystyle g\left(0\right)=1>0\),若要 \(\displaystyle g\left(x\right)\) 有三个零点,只需 \(\displaystyle g\left(\frac{a}{2}\right)<0\),此时 \(\displaystyle g\left(x\right)\) 在三个单调区间内各有一个零点.

    \(\displaystyle g\left(\frac{a}{2}\right)=\frac{2}{3}\left(\frac{a}{2}\right)^3-\frac{a}{2}\left(\frac{a}{2}\right)^2+1<0\),解得 \(\displaystyle a\in\left(2\sqrt[3]{3},+\infty\right)\).

    新答案(来源:301-320主元法与已有结论.md):

  4. 问用数学归纳法思路上会更加直接明了:

    新答案(来源:301-320主元法与已有结论.md):

  5. \(\displaystyle \left(2\right)\)问知\(\displaystyle \ln x<\frac{1}{2}\left(x-\frac{1}{x}\right)\)\(\displaystyle \left(1,+\infty\right)\)上恒成立。

  1. 解答下述问题:

    1. 【2023四省联考14】已知\(\displaystyle P,Q\)分别是抛物线\(\displaystyle y=x^2\)与圆\(\displaystyle (x-3)^2+y^2=1\)上的动点,求\(\displaystyle |PQ|\)的最小值;
      1. 设函数\(\displaystyle f(x),g(x)\)可导且曲线\(\displaystyle y=f(x),y=g(x)\)不相交.\(\displaystyle P(a,f(a))\)在曲线\(\displaystyle y=f(x)\)上,\(\displaystyle Q(b,g(b))\)在曲线\(\displaystyle y=g(x)\)上,证明:当\(\displaystyle |PQ|\)取得最小值时,\(\displaystyle f'(a)=g'(b)\).
答案

(1)设抛物线上的点为 \(\displaystyle P=(x,x^2)\),圆心为 \(\displaystyle C=(3,0)\)。则 \(\displaystyle |PC|^2=(x-3)^2+x^4=f(x)\)\(\displaystyle f'(x)=2(x-3)+4x^3=2(x-1)(2x^2+2x+3)\)。 因为 \(\displaystyle 2x^2+2x+3>0\),故 \(\displaystyle |PC|\)\(\displaystyle x=1\) 处取得最小值 \(\displaystyle \sqrt5\),于是 \(\displaystyle |PQ|_{\min}=\sqrt5-1\)

(2)令 \(\displaystyle D(a,b)=(a-b)^2+[f(a)-g(b)]^2\)。在最小值点处有 \(\displaystyle (a-b)+[f(a)-g(b)]f'(a)=0\)\(\displaystyle (b-a)-[f(a)-g(b)]g'(b)=0\)。 两式相加,得 \(\displaystyle [f(a)-g(b)]\bigl(f'(a)-g'(b)\bigr)=0\)。 若 \(\displaystyle f(a)=g(b)\),由第一式得 \(\displaystyle a=b\),这将导致两曲线在 \(\displaystyle (a,f(a))\) 相交,与题设矛盾。因此 \(\displaystyle f(a)\ne g(b)\),故 \(\displaystyle f'(a)=g'(b)\)

  1. 求下列函数的导函数

\settasks{ label=(\arabic*), label-width=2em, label-offset=0.2em,

column-sep=2em,

after-item-skip=1.5ex

}

(2)
    \task $\displaystyle f(x) = \frac{x^3 - 1}{\sin x}$ \hfill
    \task $\displaystyle f(x) = \frac{\sin x}{\sin x + \cos x}$ \hfill
    \task  $\displaystyle f(x) = \frac{x}{\sqrt{2x+1}}$ \hfill
    \task  $\displaystyle f(x) = (3x+1)^2 \ln(3x)$ \hfill
    \task  $\displaystyle f(x) = 3^x \mathrm{e}^{-3x}$ \hfill
    \task  $\displaystyle f(x) = 2x \tan x$ \hfill
    \task  $\displaystyle f(x) = (x-2)^3 (3x+1)^2$ \hfill
    \task  $\displaystyle f(x) = \frac{x^2}{(2x+1)^3}$ \hfill
    \task  $\displaystyle f(x) = \mathrm{e}^{-2x+1} \cos(-x^2+x)$ \hfill
    \task  $\displaystyle f(x) = \frac{\sin 2x}{\sqrt{x}}$ \hfill
    \task  $\displaystyle f(x) = \sin^4(3x) \cos^3(4x)$ \hfill
    \task  $\displaystyle f(x) = 2(\mathrm{e}^{\frac{x}{2}} + x \mathrm{e}^{\frac{x}{2}})$ \hfill
    \task  $\displaystyle f(x) = \frac{x \ln x}{x+1} - \ln(x+1)$ \hfill
    \task $\displaystyle f(x) = x^2 \sin 3x - \frac{2}{\sqrt{x}}$ \hfill
    \task $\displaystyle f(x) = \frac{e^x - \mathrm{e}^{-x}}{e^x + \mathrm{e}^{-x}}$ \hfill
    \task $\displaystyle f(x)=\ln (x+\sqrt{x^2+1})$ \hfill
    \task $\displaystyle f(x)=\frac{x\sin x+\cos x}{x\cos x-\sin x}$ \hfill

    \task $\displaystyle f(x) = (\cos x - x)(\pi + 2x) - \frac{8}{3}(\sin x + 1)$ \hfill
答案

答案如下:

\settasks{
label=(\arabic*),
label-width=2em,
label-offset=0.2em,

column-sep=2em,

after-item-skip=1.5ex

}

(2)
    \task $\displaystyle \frac{3x^2\sin x-\left(x^3-1\right)\cos x}{\sin^2 x}$
    \task $\displaystyle y'=\frac{1}{\left(\sin x+\cos x\right)^2}$
    \task $\displaystyle \frac{x+1}{\left(2x+1\right)^{\frac{3}{2}}}$
    \task $\displaystyle 6\left(3x+1\right)\ln\left(3x\right)+\frac{\left(3x+1\right)^2}{x}$
    \task $\displaystyle \left(3^x\ln 3-3^{x+1}\right)\mathrm{e}^{-3x}$
    \task $\displaystyle 2^x\ln x\ln 2+\frac{2^x}{x}$
    \task $\displaystyle 3\left(x-2\right)^2\left(3x+1\right)\left(5x-3\right)$
    \task $\displaystyle \frac{2x-2x^2}{\left(2x+1\right)^4}$
    \task
        $\displaystyle -\mathrm{e}^{-2x+1}[2\cos\left(x^2-x\right)$

        $\displaystyle +\left(2x-1\right)\sin\left(x^2-x\right)]$
    \task $\displaystyle \frac{2\cos 2x}{\sqrt{x}}-\frac{\sin 2x}{2x\sqrt{x}}$
    \task $\displaystyle 12\sin^33x\cos^24x\cos 7x$
    \task $\displaystyle \left(3+x\right)\mathrm{e}^{\frac{x}{2}}$
    \task $\displaystyle \frac{\ln x}{\left(x+1\right)^2}$
    \task $\displaystyle 2x\sin 3x+3x^2\cos 3x+x^{-\frac{3}{2}}$
    \task $\displaystyle \frac{4}{\left(\mathrm{e}^x+\mathrm{e}^{-x}\right)^2}$
    \task $\displaystyle \frac1{\sqrt{x^2+1}}$
    \task $\displaystyle \frac{x^2}{(x\cos x-\sin x)^2}$
    \task $\displaystyle -(\pi+2x)\sin x-\pi-4x-\frac23\cos x$

 新答案(来源:261-280对称化构造续对数均值不等式与多变量问题.md):
  1. \(\displaystyle f'\left(x\right)=a\mathrm{e}^{ax}-1\)\(\displaystyle f\left(0\right)=1\)\(\displaystyle f\left(x\right)\geqslant 1\) 因此 \(\displaystyle f'\left(0\right)=a\mathrm{e}^0-1=0\)\(\displaystyle a=1\)

    \(\displaystyle a=1\) 时,\(\displaystyle f'\left(x\right)=\mathrm{e}^x-1\)\(\displaystyle x<0\)\(\displaystyle f'\left(x\right)<0\)\(\displaystyle f\left(x\right)\) 单调递减;\(\displaystyle x>0\)\(\displaystyle f'\left(x\right)>0\)\(\displaystyle f\left(x\right)\) 单调递增,\(\displaystyle f\left(x\right)\geqslant f\left(0\right)=1\).

    综上 \(\displaystyle a\in\left\{1\right\}\).

  2. \(\displaystyle g\left(x\right)=f'\left(x\right)-k=a\mathrm{e}^{ax}-\frac{\mathrm{e}^{ax_2}-\mathrm{e}^{ax_1}}{x_2-x_1}\)

    \(\displaystyle g'\left(x\right)=a^2\mathrm{e}^{ax}>0\),因此 \(\displaystyle g\left(x\right)\) 单调递增

    \(\displaystyle g\left(x_1\right)=a\mathrm{e}^{ax_1}-\frac{\mathrm{e}^{ax_2}-\mathrm{e}^{ax_1}}{x_2-x_1}=-\frac{\mathrm{e}^{ax_1}}{x_2-x_1}\left[\mathrm{e}^{a\left(x_2-x_1\right)}-a\left(x_2-x_1\right)-1\right]\)

    \(\displaystyle g\left(x_2\right)=a\mathrm{e}^{ax_2}-\frac{\mathrm{e}^{ax_2}-\mathrm{e}^{ax_1}}{x_2-x_1}=\frac{\mathrm{e}^{ax_2}}{x_2-x_1}\left[\mathrm{e}^{a\left(x_2-x_1\right)}-a\left(x_2-x_1\right)-1\right]\)

    显然 \(\displaystyle a\left(x_2-x_1\right)>0\),由 \(\displaystyle \left(1\right)\) 问过程可知 \(\displaystyle \mathrm{e}^{a\left(x_2-x_1\right)}-a\left(x_2-x_1\right)-1>0\)

    进而 \(\displaystyle g\left(x_1\right)<0\)\(\displaystyle g\left(x_2\right)>0\),因此 \(\displaystyle g\left(x\right)\)\(\displaystyle \left(x_1,x_2\right)\) 上存在零点,\(\displaystyle x=\frac{1}{a}\ln\frac{\mathrm{e}^{ax_2}-\mathrm{e}^{ax_1}}{ax_2-ax_1}\)

    结合 \(\displaystyle g\left(x\right)\) 单调递增可知 \(\displaystyle x_0\in\left(\frac{1}{a}\ln\frac{\mathrm{e}^{ax_2}-\mathrm{e}^{ax_1}}{ax_2-ax_1},x_2\right)\).

  1. 对定义在\(\displaystyle (0,+\infty)\)上的函数\(\displaystyle f(x)=x\ln (2^{1/x}+3^{1/x})\),证明:\(\displaystyle f(x)\)严格单调递增.
答案

\(\displaystyle \frac{1}{x}=t\),于是原函数化为\(\displaystyle g(t)=\frac{\ln (2^t+3^t)}{t}=\frac{\ln ((\frac{2}{3})^t+1)}{t}-\ln 3\),可知\(\displaystyle g(t)\)严格单调递减,于是\(\displaystyle f(x)\)严格单调递增。

  1. 已知\(\displaystyle a>0\),设函数\(\displaystyle f(x)=x^a(\ln x-a)^2\)的极大值点为\(\displaystyle m\),求\(\displaystyle f(m)\)的最小值;
答案

\(\displaystyle \frac{4}{\mathrm{e}}\).

\(\displaystyle f(x)\) 求导得 \(\displaystyle f'(x)=x^{a-1}(\ln x-a)(a\ln x-a^2+2)\)。 可以得到极大值点为\(\displaystyle \mathrm \mathrm{e}^{a-\frac{2}{a}}\),于是\(\displaystyle f(m)=\frac4{a^2}\mathrm \mathrm{e}^{a^2-2}\),记其为\(\displaystyle \varphi(a)\),容易求得\(\displaystyle \varphi(a)\)的最小值为 \(\displaystyle \frac4{\mathrm \mathrm{e}}\)

  1. 【2012 湖南文 22】设函数\(\displaystyle f\left(x\right)=x^n\left(1-x\right)\left(x>0\right)\),\(\displaystyle n\) 为正整数.证明:\(\displaystyle f\left(x\right)<\frac{1}{n\mathrm{e}}\).
  2. 【2008安徽理20】设函数\(\displaystyle f\left(x\right)=\frac{1}{x\ln x}\left(x>0\text{ 且 }x\neq 1\right)\).
  3. \(\displaystyle f\left(x\right)\) 的单调区间;
  4. 已知\(\displaystyle 2^{\frac{1}{x}}>x^a\) 对任意\(\displaystyle x\in\left(0,1\right)\) 成立,求实数\(\displaystyle a\) 的取值范围.
答案

(1)\(\displaystyle f'\left(x\right)=-\frac{\ln x+1}{\left(x\ln x\right)^2}\).当\(\displaystyle 0<x<\frac{1}{\mathrm{e}}\) 时,\(\displaystyle f'\left(x\right)>0\);当\(\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{e}}<x<1\) 时,\(\displaystyle f'\left(x\right)<0\);当\(\displaystyle x>1\) 时,\(\displaystyle f'\left(x\right)<0\).于是\(\displaystyle f\left(x\right)\) 的单调递增区间为\(\displaystyle \left(0,\frac{1}{\mathrm{e}}\right)\),单调递减区间为\(\displaystyle \left(\frac{1}{\mathrm{e}},1\right),\left(1,+\infty\right)\).

(2)\(\displaystyle 2^{\frac{1}{x}}>x^a\left(0<x<1\right)\Rightarrow \frac{1}{x}\ln 2>a\ln x\Rightarrow a>\frac{\ln 2}{x\ln x}=f\left(x\right)\cdot\ln 2\).

由(1)问知\(\displaystyle f\left(x\right)\)\(\displaystyle \left(0,1\right)\) 上最大值为\(\displaystyle f\left(\frac{1}{\mathrm{e}}\right)=-\mathrm{e}\),因此\(\displaystyle a\in\left(-\mathrm{e}\ln 2,+\infty\right)\).

  1. 【2008 浙江理 21】 已知 \(\displaystyle a\) 是实数,函数 \(\displaystyle f\left(x\right)=\sqrt{x}\left(x-a\right)\).
  2. 求函数 \(\displaystyle f\left(x\right)\) 的单调区间;
  3. \(\displaystyle g\left(a\right)\)\(\displaystyle f\left(x\right)\) 在区间 \(\displaystyle \left[0,2\right]\) 上的最小值.求 \(\displaystyle a\) 的取值范围,使得 \(\displaystyle -6\leqslant g\left(a\right)\leqslant-2\).
答案

(1)对\(\displaystyle f(x)\)求导有\(\displaystyle f'\left(x\right)=\frac{3x-a}{2\sqrt{x}}\left(x>0\right).\)

\(\displaystyle a\leqslant0\),当\(\displaystyle x>0\)\(\displaystyle f'\left(x\right)>0\)

\(\displaystyle a>0\),当\(\displaystyle 0<x<\frac{a}{3}\)\(\displaystyle f'\left(x\right)<0\),\(\displaystyle x>\frac{a}{3}\)\(\displaystyle f'\left(x\right)>0\).

综上,\(\displaystyle a\leqslant0\) 时,\(\displaystyle f\left(x\right)\) 单调递增区间为 \(\displaystyle \left(0,+\infty\right)\),无单调递减区间;当\(\displaystyle a>0\) 时,\(\displaystyle f\left(x\right)\) 单调递增区间为 \(\displaystyle \left(\frac{a}{3},+\infty\right)\),单调递减区间为 \(\displaystyle \left(0,\frac{a}{3}\right)\).

(2)先写出\(\displaystyle g(a)\)的表达式.当\(\displaystyle a\leqslant0\) 时,\(\displaystyle g\left(a\right)=f\left(0\right)=0\)

\(\displaystyle 0<a<6\) 时,\(\displaystyle f\left(x\right)\)\(\displaystyle \left(0,\frac{a}{3}\right)\) 上单调递减,在 \(\displaystyle \left(\frac{a}{3},2\right)\) 上单调递增,于是\(\displaystyle g\left(a\right)=f\left(\frac{a}{3}\right)=-\frac{2\sqrt{3}}{9}a\sqrt{a}\)

\(\displaystyle a\geqslant6\) 时,\(\displaystyle f\left(x\right)\)\(\displaystyle \left(0,2\right)\) 单调递减,\(\displaystyle g\left(a\right)=f\left(2\right)=2\sqrt{2}-\sqrt{2}a\).

综上, $\(\displaystyle g\left(a\right)= \begin{cases} 0,&a\leqslant0,\\ -\frac{2\sqrt{3}}{9}a\sqrt{a},&0<a<6,\\ 2\sqrt{2}-\sqrt{2}a,&a\geqslant6. \end{cases}\)$

解不等式\(\displaystyle -6\leqslant g(a)\leqslant -2\)得到\(\displaystyle a\in\left[3,2+3\sqrt{2}\right]\).

  1. 【2012 江西文 21】 已知函数 \(\displaystyle f\left(x\right)=\left(ax^2+bx+c\right)\mathrm{e}^{x}\)\(\displaystyle \left[0,1\right]\) 上单调递减, \(\displaystyle f\left(0\right)=1\),\(\displaystyle f\left(1\right)=0\).
  2. \(\displaystyle a\) 的取值范围;
  3. \(\displaystyle g\left(x\right)=f\left(x\right)-f'\left(x\right)\),求 \(\displaystyle g\left(x\right)\)\(\displaystyle \left[0,1\right]\) 上的最大值和最小值.
答案

(1)由\(\displaystyle f\left(0\right)=1,f\left(1\right)=0\)可得到\(\displaystyle b=-a-1,c=1\),于是\(\displaystyle f\left(x\right)=\left[ax^2-\left(a+1\right)x+1\right]\mathrm{e}^{x}\),对\(\displaystyle f(x)\)求导有 \(\displaystyle f'\left(x\right)=\left[ax^2+\left(a-1\right)x-a\right]\mathrm{e}^{x}.\), 由题意,当\(\displaystyle x\in\left[0,1\right]\) 时,\(\displaystyle h\left(x\right)\leqslant0\).

\(\displaystyle a=0\) ,则\(\displaystyle f'\left(x\right)=-x\),符合题意;

\(\displaystyle a<0\) ,由\(\displaystyle f'\left(0\right)=-a>0\)不符题意;

\(\displaystyle a>0\) ,则\(\displaystyle f'\left(x\right)\) 为开口向上的抛物线,在 \(\displaystyle x\in\left[0,1\right]\)\(\displaystyle f'\left(x\right)\leqslant0\)等价于\(\displaystyle h\left(0\right)\leqslant0\)\(\displaystyle h\left(1\right)\leqslant0\),解得 \(\displaystyle a\leqslant1\),即 \(\displaystyle 0<a\leqslant1\)

综上 \(\displaystyle a\in\left[0,1\right]\).

(2)可知\(\displaystyle g\left(x\right)=f\left(x\right)-f'\left(x\right)=\left(-2ax+a+1\right)\mathrm{e}^{x},\quad g'\left(x\right)=\left(-2ax-a+1\right)\mathrm{e}^{x}.\)

\(\displaystyle \varphi\left(x\right)=-2ax-a+1\),\(\displaystyle x\in\left[0,1\right]\).当\(\displaystyle a=0\) 时,\(\displaystyle \varphi\left(x\right)=1>0\),\(\displaystyle g\left(x\right)\)\(\displaystyle \left[0,1\right]\) 上单调递增,\(\displaystyle g\left(x\right)\)\(\displaystyle \left[0,1\right]\) 上最小值为 \(\displaystyle g\left(0\right)=1\),最大值为 \(\displaystyle g\left(1\right)=\mathrm{e}\)

\(\displaystyle a=1\) 时,\(\displaystyle \varphi\left(x\right)=-2x\leqslant0\),\(\displaystyle g\left(x\right)\)\(\displaystyle \left[0,1\right]\) 上单调递减,\(\displaystyle g\left(x\right)\)\(\displaystyle \left[0,1\right]\) 上最小值为 \(\displaystyle g\left(1\right)=0\),最大值为 \(\displaystyle g\left(0\right)=2\)

\(\displaystyle 0<a<1\) 时,\(\displaystyle \varphi\left(x\right)\)\(\displaystyle \left[0,1\right]\) 上单调递减,\(\displaystyle \varphi\left(0\right)=1-a>0\).

\(\displaystyle \varphi\left(1\right)=1-3a\geqslant0\)\(\displaystyle 0<a\leqslant\frac{1}{3}\),则 \(\displaystyle \varphi\left(x\right)\geqslant0\),\(\displaystyle g\left(x\right)\)\(\displaystyle \left[0,1\right]\) 上单调递增,\(\displaystyle g\left(x\right)\)\(\displaystyle \left[0,1\right]\) 上最小值为 \(\displaystyle g\left(0\right)=a+1\),最大值为 \(\displaystyle g\left(1\right)=\left(1-a\right)\mathrm{e}\)

\(\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}<a<1\),\(\displaystyle 0<x<\frac{1-a}{2a}\)\(\displaystyle \varphi\left(x\right)>0\),\(\displaystyle g\left(x\right)\) 单调递增,\(\displaystyle \frac{1-a}{2a}<x<1\)\(\displaystyle \varphi\left(x\right)<0\),\(\displaystyle g\left(x\right)\) 单调递减,\(\displaystyle g\left(x\right)\)\(\displaystyle \left[0,1\right]\) 上最大值为 \(\displaystyle g\left(\frac{1-a}{2a}\right)=2a\mathrm{e}^{\frac{1-a}{2a}}\),最小值为 \(\displaystyle g\left(0\right)=a+1\)\(\displaystyle g\left(1\right)=\left(1-a\right)\mathrm{e}\).

(i)\(\displaystyle g\left(0\right)\leqslant g\left(1\right)\)\(\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}<a\leqslant\frac{\mathrm{e}-1}{\mathrm{e}+1}\),\(\displaystyle g\left(x\right)\)\(\displaystyle \left[0,1\right]\) 上最小值为 \(\displaystyle g\left(0\right)=a+1\)

(ii)\(\displaystyle g\left(0\right)>g\left(1\right)\)\(\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{e}-1}{\mathrm{e}+1}<a<1\),\(\displaystyle g\left(x\right)\)\(\displaystyle \left[0,1\right]\) 上最小值为 \(\displaystyle g\left(1\right)=\left(1-a\right)\mathrm{e}\).

综上, \(\displaystyle 0\leqslant a\leqslant\frac{1}{3}\) 时,\(\displaystyle g\left(x\right)\)\(\displaystyle \left[0,1\right]\) 上最小值为 \(\displaystyle a+1\),最大值为 \(\displaystyle \left(1-a\right)\mathrm{e}\)

\(\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}<a\leqslant\frac{\mathrm{e}-1}{\mathrm{e}+1}\) 时,\(\displaystyle g\left(x\right)\)\(\displaystyle \left[0,1\right]\) 上最小值为 \(\displaystyle a+1\),最大值为 \(\displaystyle 2a\mathrm{e}^{\frac{1-a}{2a}}\)

\(\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{e}-1}{\mathrm{e}+1}<a\leqslant1\) 时,\(\displaystyle g\left(x\right)\)\(\displaystyle \left[0,1\right]\) 上最小值为 \(\displaystyle \left(1-a\right)\mathrm{e}\),最大值为 \(\displaystyle 2a\mathrm{e}^{\frac{1-a}{2a}}\).

  1. 【2017 山东理 20】 已知函数 \(\displaystyle f\left(x\right)=x^2+2\cos x\),\(\displaystyle g\left(x\right)=\mathrm{e}^{x}\left(\cos x-\sin x+2x-2\right)\).令 \(\displaystyle h\left(x\right)=g\left(x\right)-af\left(x\right)\left(a\in\mathbb{R}\right)\),讨论 \(\displaystyle h\left(x\right)\) 的单调性并判断有无极值,有极值时求出极值.
答案

\(\displaystyle h(x)\)求导得到\(\displaystyle h'\left(x\right)=2\mathrm{e}^{x}\left(x-\sin x\right)-2a\left(x-\sin x\right)=2\left(\mathrm{e}^{x}-a\right)\left(x-\sin x\right).\),令 \(\displaystyle \varphi\left(x\right)=x-\sin x\),\(\displaystyle \varphi'\left(x\right)=1-\cos x\),\(\displaystyle x\neq2k\pi\left(k\in\mathbb{Z}\right)\)\(\displaystyle \varphi'\left(x\right)>0\),\(\displaystyle \varphi\left(x\right)\) 单调递增,又 \(\displaystyle \varphi\left(0\right)=0\),因此 \(\displaystyle x<0\)\(\displaystyle \varphi\left(x\right)<0\),\(\displaystyle x>0\)\(\displaystyle \varphi\left(x\right)>0\).

(i)若\(\displaystyle a\leqslant0\),则\(\displaystyle x<0\)\(\displaystyle h'\left(x\right)<0\),\(\displaystyle h\left(x\right)\) 单调递减;\(\displaystyle x>0\)\(\displaystyle h'\left(x\right)>0\),\(\displaystyle h\left(x\right)\) 单调递增,\(\displaystyle h\left(x\right)\) 极小值为 \(\displaystyle h\left(0\right)=-1-2a\),无极大值.

(ii)若\(\displaystyle 0<a<1\),则对 \(\displaystyle h'\left(x\right)\),\(\displaystyle h\left(x\right)\) 列表如下:

| {c|ccccc} \(\displaystyle x\) | \(\displaystyle \left(-\infty,\ln a\right)\) | \(\displaystyle \ln a\) | \(\displaystyle \left(\ln a,0\right)\) | \(\displaystyle 0\) | \(\displaystyle \left(0,+\infty\right)\) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | \(\displaystyle h'(x)\) | \(\displaystyle +\) | \(\displaystyle 0\) | \(\displaystyle -\) | \(\displaystyle 0\) | \(\displaystyle +\) | | \(\displaystyle h(x)\) | \(\displaystyle \nearrow\) | 极大值 | \(\displaystyle \searrow\) | 极小值 | \(\displaystyle \nearrow\) |

由上表可知 \(\displaystyle h\left(x\right)\) 极小值为 \(\displaystyle h\left(0\right)=-1-2a\),极大值为 $\(\displaystyle h\left(\ln a\right)=2a\ln a-2a-a\ln^2a-a\sin\left(\ln a\right)-a\cos\left(\ln a\right).\)$

(iii)若\(\displaystyle a=1\),则当 \(\displaystyle x\neq0\)\(\displaystyle h'\left(x\right)>0\),\(\displaystyle h\left(x\right)\) 单调递增,无极值.

(iv)若\(\displaystyle a>1\),则 对 \(\displaystyle h'\left(x\right)\),\(\displaystyle h\left(x\right)\) 列表如下:

| {c|ccccc} \(\displaystyle x\) | \(\displaystyle \left(-\infty,0\right)\) | \(\displaystyle 0\) | \(\displaystyle \left(0,\ln a\right)\) | \(\displaystyle \ln a\) | \(\displaystyle \left(\ln a,+\infty\right)\) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | \(\displaystyle h'\left(x\right)\) | \(\displaystyle +\) | \(\displaystyle 0\) | \(\displaystyle -\) | \(\displaystyle 0\) | \(\displaystyle +\) | | \(\displaystyle h\left(x\right)\) | \(\displaystyle \nearrow\) | 极大值 | \(\displaystyle \searrow\) | 极小值 | \(\displaystyle \nearrow\) |

由表可知 \(\displaystyle h\left(x\right)\) 极小值为 $\(\displaystyle h\left(\ln a\right)=2a\ln a-2a-a\ln^2a-a\sin\left(\ln a\right)-a\cos\left(\ln a\right),\)$

极大值为 \(\displaystyle h\left(0\right)=-1-2a\).

  1. 【2025北京20】已知函数 \(\displaystyle f(x)\) 的定义域为 \(\displaystyle (-1,+\infty)\),\(\displaystyle f(0)=0\),导函数 \(\displaystyle f'(x)=\frac{\ln(1+x)}{1+x}\),设 \(\displaystyle l_1\) 为曲线 \(\displaystyle y=f(x)\) 在点 \(\displaystyle A(a,f(a))\ (a\neq 0)\) 处的切线.
  2. \(\displaystyle -1<a<0\) 时,证明:除点 \(\displaystyle A\) 外,曲线 \(\displaystyle y=f(x)\) 均在直线 \(\displaystyle l_1\) 的上方;
  3. 设过点 \(\displaystyle A\) 的直线 \(\displaystyle l_2\) 与直线 \(\displaystyle l_1\) 垂直,\(\displaystyle l_1,l_2\) 分别与 \(\displaystyle x\) 轴交点的横坐标分别为 \(\displaystyle x_1,x_2\),若 \(\displaystyle a>0\),求 \(\displaystyle \frac{2a-x_1-x_2}{x_2-x_1}\) 的取值范围.
答案

(1)切线 \(\displaystyle l_1\) 的方程是 \(\displaystyle y=f(a)+f'(a)(x-a).\)\(\displaystyle F(x)=f(x)-f(a)-f'(a)(x-a),qquad -1<a<0,\)\(\displaystyle F'(x)=f'(x)-f'(a).\)\(\displaystyle x\in(-1,0)\) 时,\(\displaystyle f'(x)\) 单调递增。当 \(\displaystyle x\in(-1,a)\) 时,\(\displaystyle F'(x)<0\)\(\displaystyle F(x)\) 单调递减。

\(\displaystyle x\in(a,+\infty)\) 时,若 \(\displaystyle x\in(a,0)\),则 \(\displaystyle F'(x)>0\);若 \(\displaystyle x\in[0,+\infty)\),由题设知 \(\displaystyle f'(x)\geqslant0\),而 \(\displaystyle f'(a)<0\),所以 \(\displaystyle F'(x)>0\)

故当 \(\displaystyle x\in(a,+\infty)\) 时,\(\displaystyle F(x)\) 单调递增。又因为 \(\displaystyle F(a)=0\),所以当 \(\displaystyle x\in(-1,+\infty)\)\(\displaystyle x\ne a\) 时,\(\displaystyle F(x)>0\),即 \(\displaystyle f(x)>f(a)+f'(a)(x-a).\) 综上,除切点 \(\displaystyle A\) 外,曲线 \(\displaystyle y=f(x)\) 在直线 \(\displaystyle l_1\) 的上方。

(2)当 \(\displaystyle a>0\) 时, \(\displaystyle f'(a)=\frac{\ln(1+a)}{1+a}>0.\) 由(1)知, \(\displaystyle x_1=a-\frac{f(a)}{f'(a)}.\) 由题设知直线 \(\displaystyle l_2\) 的方程为 \(\displaystyle y=f(a)-\frac1{f'(a)}(x-a),\) 所以 \(\displaystyle x_2=a+f(a)f'(a).\)

因为 \(\displaystyle f'(x)>0\)\(\displaystyle x>0\)),且 \(\displaystyle f(0)=0\),所以当 \(\displaystyle a>0\) 时,\(\displaystyle f(a)>0\)

因此 \(\displaystyle \frac{2a-x_2-x_1}{x_2-x_1} =\frac{1-[f'(a)]^2}{1+[f'(a)]^2} =-1+\frac{2}{1+[f'(a)]^2}.\)

而当 \(\displaystyle a>0\) 时,\(\displaystyle f'(a)\) 的取值范围是 \(\displaystyle \left(0,\frac1{\mathrm{e}}\right].\) 所以 \(\displaystyle -1+\frac{2}{1+[f'(a)]^2}\) 的取值范围是 \(\displaystyle \left[\frac{\mathrm{e}^2-1}{\mathrm{e}^2+1},1\right).\)

故所求取值范围为 \(\displaystyle \left[\frac{\mathrm{e}^2-1}{\mathrm{e}^2+1},1\right).\)

  1. 【2022全国甲卷文20】已知函数\(\displaystyle f(x)=x^3-x,g(x)=x^2+a\),曲线\(\displaystyle y=f(x)\)在点\(\displaystyle (x_1,f(x_1))\)处的切线也是曲线\(\displaystyle y=g(x)\)的切线,求\(\displaystyle a\)的取值范围.
答案

\(\displaystyle y=f\left(x\right)\)\(\displaystyle y=g\left(x\right)\) 的公切线 \(\displaystyle l\) 分别与 \(\displaystyle y=f\left(x\right)\),\(\displaystyle y=g\left(x\right)\) 相切于 \(\displaystyle \left(x_1,x_1^3-x_1\right)\),\(\displaystyle \left(x_2,x_2^2+a\right)\).

于是$\displaystyle l$可以表成$\displaystyle y=f'\left(x_1\right)\left(x-x_1\right)+f\left(x_1\right)$或$\displaystyle y=g'\left(x_2\right)\left(x-x_2\right)+g\left(x_2\right).$

这两条直线的斜率与纵截距相等,即\(\displaystyle f'\left(x_1\right)=g'\left(x_2\right),f\left(x_1\right)-x_1f'\left(x_1\right)=g\left(x_2\right)-x_2g'\left(x_2\right)\)

于是得到\(\displaystyle x_2=\frac{3x_1^2-1}{2},-2x_1^3=a-x_2^2\) 消去第二式中的\(\displaystyle x_2\),有 $\(\displaystyle a=x_2^2-2x_1^3=\left(\frac{3x_1^2-1}{2}\right)^2-2x_1^3=\frac{9}{4}x_1^4-2x_1^3-\frac{3}{2}x_1^2+\frac{1}{4}.\)$

\(\displaystyle h\left(x\right)=\frac{9}{4}x^4-2x^3-\frac{3}{2}x^2+\frac{1}{4}\),\(\displaystyle h'\left(x\right)=3x\left(x-1\right)\left(3x+1\right)\).

\(\displaystyle h\left(x\right)\),\(\displaystyle h'\left(x\right)\) 列表如下:

| {c|ccccccc} \(\displaystyle x\) | \(\displaystyle \left(-\infty,-1/3\right)\) | \(\displaystyle -1/3\) | \(\displaystyle \left(-1/3,0\right)\) | \(\displaystyle 0\) | \(\displaystyle (0,1)\) | \(\displaystyle 1\) | \(\displaystyle (1,+\infty)\) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | \(\displaystyle h'(x)\) | \(\displaystyle -\) | \(\displaystyle 0\) | \(\displaystyle +\) | \(\displaystyle 0\) | \(\displaystyle -\) | \(\displaystyle 0\) | \(\displaystyle +\) | | \(\displaystyle h(x)\) | \(\displaystyle \searrow\) | 极小值 | \(\displaystyle \nearrow\) | 极大值 | \(\displaystyle \searrow\) | 极小值 | \(\displaystyle \nearrow\) |

由上表可知 \(\displaystyle h\left(x\right)\) 值域为 \(\displaystyle \left[\min\left\{h\left(-\frac{1}{3}\right),h\left(1\right)\right\},+\infty\right)\).

计算得\(\displaystyle h\left(-\frac{1}{3}\right)=\frac{1}{36}+\frac{2}{27}-\frac{1}{6}+\frac{1}{4}>0\),\(\displaystyle h\left(1\right)=-1\),于是 \(\displaystyle a\in\left[-1,+\infty\right)\).

  1. 【2019全国II卷理20】已知函数\(\displaystyle f(x)=\ln x-\frac{x+1}{x-1}\).

  2. 证明\(\displaystyle f(x)\)有且仅有两个零点;

  3. \(\displaystyle x_0\)\(\displaystyle f(x)\)的一个零点,证明曲线\(\displaystyle y=\ln x\)在点\(\displaystyle A(x_0,\ln x_0)\)处的切线也是曲线\(\displaystyle y=\mathrm{e}^x\)的切线.
答案

函数定义域为 \(\displaystyle (0,1)\cup(1,+\infty)\),且 \(\displaystyle f'(x)=\frac1x+\frac2{(x-1)^2}>0\)。 在 \(\displaystyle (0,1)\) 上,\(\displaystyle \lim_{x\to0^+}f(x)=-\infty\)\(\displaystyle \lim_{x\to1^-}f(x)=+\infty\),所以恰有一个零点;在 \(\displaystyle (1,+\infty)\) 上,\(\displaystyle \lim_{x\to1^+}f(x)=-\infty\)\(\displaystyle \lim_{x\to+\infty}f(x)=+\infty\),所以也恰有一个零点。故 \(\displaystyle f(x)\) 有且仅有两个零点。

\(\displaystyle x_0\) 是其中一个零点,则 \(\displaystyle \ln x_0=\frac{x_0+1}{x_0-1}\),从而 \(\displaystyle (x_0-1)\ln x_0=x_0+1\)。 曲线 \(\displaystyle y=\ln x\)\(\displaystyle A(x_0,\ln x_0)\) 处的切线为 \(\displaystyle y=\frac1{x_0}x+\ln x_0-1\)。 令 \(\displaystyle t=-\ln x_0\),则 \(\displaystyle \mathrm{e}^t=\frac1{x_0}\),而曲线 \(\displaystyle y=\mathrm{e}^x\)\(\displaystyle x=t\) 处的切线为 \(\displaystyle y=\frac1{x_0}x+\frac{1+\ln x_0}{x_0}\)。 由 \(\displaystyle (x_0-1)\ln x_0=x_0+1\) 可得 \(\displaystyle \ln x_0-1=\frac{1+\ln x_0}{x_0}\),故两条切线重合,结论得证。

  1. 【2026“fiddie”模拟考18】某工厂需设计一种容量为 \(\displaystyle 1000\text{ mL}\)、半径为 \(\displaystyle r\text{ cm}\) 的圆柱形罐头,罐头外壳由金属板制成(材料单价为 \(\displaystyle 0.001\text{ 元/cm}^2\)),其中侧面由矩形金属板卷成,不产生浪费;顶、底盖各从一个边长为 \(\displaystyle 2r\text{ cm}\) 的正方形金属板上切割而成,并产生边角废料(包含在材料费用内).
  2. 写出制造单个罐头的材料费用 \(\displaystyle M(r)\) 的表达式,并求 \(\displaystyle M(r)\) 的最小值点 \(\displaystyle r_0\)
  3. 切割后需焊接,焊接费用单价为 \(\displaystyle 1\text{ 元/cm}\).侧面有一条纵向焊缝,罐头与顶、底盖连接处共有两条圆形焊缝.制造单个罐头的总成本 \(\displaystyle C(r)\) 为材料费用与焊接费用之和.设 \(\displaystyle C(r)\) 的最小值点为 \(\displaystyle r_1\),判断 \(\displaystyle r_1\) 与(1)中 \(\displaystyle r_0\) 的大小关系,并说明理由;
  4. 在批量生产罐头时,为减少制作顶、底盖所产生的边角废料,考虑切割时将多个圆盘在一大块金属板上交错排列.请提出一种新的切割方案,通过计算说明新方案比原方案的材料费用低.
答案

(1) \(\displaystyle M(r) = 0.001 \cdot \left( \frac{2000}{r} + 8r^2 \right) = \frac{2}{r} + 0.008r^2\).

$\displaystyle M'(r) = -\frac{2}{r^2} + 0.016r = \frac{0.016r^3 - 2}{r^2}$. 令 $\displaystyle M'(r) = 0$,得 $\displaystyle r = 5$.

当 $\displaystyle 0 < r < 5$ 时,$\displaystyle M'(r) < 0$;当 $\displaystyle r > 5$ 时,$\displaystyle M'(r) > 0$,所以 $\displaystyle M(r)$ 在 $\displaystyle (0,5)$ 单调递减,在 $\displaystyle (5,+\infty)$ 单调递增.

所以 $\displaystyle M(r)$ 的最小值点为 $\displaystyle r_0 = 5$.

(2)由题意得 $\displaystyle C(r) = M(r) + \frac{1000}{\pi r^2} + 4\pi r = \frac{2}{r} + 0.008r^2 + \frac{1000}{\pi r^2} + 4\pi r$.

所以 $\displaystyle C'(r) = -\frac{2}{r^2} + 0.016r - \frac{2000}{\pi r^3} + 4\pi$.

因为 $\displaystyle C'(r)$ 在 $\displaystyle (0,+\infty)$ 上单调递增,
且 $\displaystyle C'(1) = -2 + 0.016 - \frac{2000}{\pi} + 4\pi < 0$,
$\displaystyle C'(r_0) = -\frac{2000}{\pi r_0^3} + 4\pi = -\frac{16}{\pi} + 4\pi > 0$,

所以存在唯一的 $\displaystyle r' \in (1,r_0)$ 使得 $\displaystyle C'(r') = 0$.

当 $\displaystyle r \in (0,r')$ 时,$\displaystyle C'(r) < 0$;当 $\displaystyle r \in (r',+\infty)$ 时,$\displaystyle C'(r) > 0$,
所以 $\displaystyle C(r)$ 在 $\displaystyle (0,r')$ 单调递减,在 $\displaystyle (r',+\infty)$ 单调递增.
所以 $\displaystyle C(r)$ 的最小值点 $\displaystyle r_1 = r'$,故 $\displaystyle r_1 < r_0$.

(3) 为降低材料费用,每个半径为 $\displaystyle r$ 的圆盘可以从一个边长为 $\displaystyle \frac{2\sqrt{3}}{3}r$ 的正六边形切割得到.(或写:可采用正六边形密铺的方案)

将多个半径为 \(\displaystyle r\) 的圆盘在金属板上如图交错排列,每个圆盘相当于从一个边长为 \(\displaystyle \frac{2r}{\sqrt{3}}\) 的外切正六边形切割得到,每个正六边形的面积为 \(\displaystyle 6 \times \frac{1}{2} \times \frac{2r}{\sqrt{3}} \times r = 2\sqrt{3}r^2\). 此时生产单个罐头的材料费用为 \(\displaystyle M_1(r) = 0.001 \cdot \left( \frac{2000}{r} + 4\sqrt{3}r^2 \right)\).

因为 \(\displaystyle 4\sqrt{3} < 8\),所以 \(\displaystyle M_1(r) < M(r)\),从而 \(\displaystyle M_1(r)\) 的最小值也小于 \(\displaystyle M(r)\) 的最小值 \(\displaystyle M(r_0)\). 若大批量生产,此方案能显著减少废料,从而降低材料成本,材料费用比原方案更低.

:本题以工业生产中的成本优化为背景,将圆柱体体积、表面积计算与导数应用、不等式分析、图形的密铺(镶嵌)等知识融为一体,是一道典型的数学建模与综合应用问题,充分体现了高考数学人才选拔的导向.

试题改编自人教 A 版选择性必修第二册的 5.3.2 节例 8. 另外在湘教版选择性必修第二册的第一章“数学建模”有更详细的讨论.

【人教 A 版选择性必修第二册的 5.3.2 节例 8】 某制造商制造并出售球形瓶装的某种饮料. 瓶子的制造成本是 \(\displaystyle 0.8\pi r^2\) 分,其中 \(\displaystyle r\)(单位:\(\displaystyle \mathrm{cm}\))是瓶子的半径. 已知出售 \(\displaystyle 1\ \mathrm{mL}\) 的饮料,制造商可获利 \(\displaystyle 0.2\) 分,且制造商能制作的瓶子的最大半径为 \(\displaystyle 6\ \mathrm{cm}\).

  1. 瓶子半径多大时,能使每瓶饮料的利润最大?
  2. 瓶子半径多大时,每瓶饮料的利润最小? \(\displaystyle \quad\)由题意可知,每瓶饮料的利润是 $\(\displaystyle y = f(r) = 0.2 \times \frac{4}{3}\pi r^3 - 0.8\pi r^2 = 0.8\pi \left( \frac{r^3}{3} - r^2 \right),\ 0 < r \leqslant 6,\)$ 所以 \(\displaystyle f'(r) = 0.8\pi(r^2 - 2r)\). 令 \(\displaystyle f'(r) = 0\),解得 \(\displaystyle r = 2\). 当 \(\displaystyle r \in (0,2)\) 时,\(\displaystyle f'(r) < 0\);当 \(\displaystyle r \in (2,6)\) 时,\(\displaystyle f'(r) > 0\). 因此,当半径 \(\displaystyle r>2\) 时,\(\displaystyle f'(r)>0\),\(\displaystyle f(r)\) 单调递增,即半径越大,利润越高;当半径 \(\displaystyle r<2\) 时,\(\displaystyle f'(r)<0\),\(\displaystyle f(r)\) 单调递减,即半径越大,利润越低.于是半径为 \(\displaystyle 6\ \mathrm{cm}\) 时,利润最大.半径为 \(\displaystyle 2\ \mathrm{cm}\) 时,利润最小,这时 \(\displaystyle f(2) < 0\),表示瓶内饮料的利润还不够瓶子的成本,此时利润是负值.

在《普通高中数学课程标准》(2017 年版 2025 年修订)中提到:“数学建模活动是对现实问题进行数学抽象,用数学语言表达问题、用数学方法构建模型解决问题的过程. 主要包括:在实际情境中从数学的视角发现问题、提出问题,分析问题、建立模型,确定参数、计算求解,检验结果、改进模型,最终解决实际问题.” 而数学建模水平二是“能够选择合适的数学模型表达所要解决的数学问题;理解模型中参数的意义,知道如何确定参数,建立模型,求解模型;能够根据问题的实际意义检验结果,完善模型,解决问题.”

通常的高考或者上述例题都仅仅要求学生分析问题、建立模型、确定参数、计算求解,但是对发现问题、提出问题、检验结果、改进模型的建模步骤很少涉及. 当然,“发现问题、提出问题”的建模步骤开放性过高,如果让学生自己提出,阅卷难以进行,故只适合作为撰写研究报告或小论文的要求,不适合闭卷考试. 所以本题针对“检验结果、改进模型”进行设题,在“发现问题、提出问题”的部分直接通过题干给出.

本题的设问路径是:

(1)要设计罐头的尺寸,如何设计才能使得材料成本最小?

(2)“发现问题、提出问题”:在考虑制作成本的时候,不仅仅要考虑材料成本,还有其它额外的成本也要考虑进来,包括焊接成本、运输成本、仓储成本等等. 这里为了简化问题,只考虑焊接成本. 那在考虑新的成本的前提条件下,尺寸应该如何设计?

(3)“改进模型”:题干给出的切割方式并不是最优的,我们是不是可以想办法减少材料成本?

这样,本题在“发现问题、提出问题”的角度上增加了适当的文字描述,引导考生往特定的方向思考问题;在“改进模型”的角度上设置了思考的开放性,即思考如何改进切割方式以降低成本,可行的答案其实并不多(基本只能是正六边形密铺),在阅卷的角度来看,此题也是可行的.

罐头在我们身边无处不在,从易拉罐饮料,到肉类罐头、杀虫剂,再到航空航天、高端工业、医疗设备等等,都需要制作罐头容器进行存储. 多数常规应用(易拉罐饮料、肉类罐头等) of 的材料成本依然占主导,但在对性能、可靠性或安全性有极致要求的特定领域,焊料或粘合剂的单位成本确实会反超被连接的材料本身. 为简化描述,在本题中我们把罐身罐盖的密封接合简化为“焊接”. 第(2)问其实说明了:如果焊接成本远高于材料成本,那么最优半径 \(\displaystyle r_1 < r_0\). 实际上还可以证明,如果焊接成本远低于材料成本,则应有 \(\displaystyle r_1 > r_0\),因为此时 \(\displaystyle C'(r_0)<0\).

对教学与备考的启示

(1)强化函数建模训练,注重实际情境中变量关系的提取与表达.

(2)回归导数的“工具性”作用——通过导数符号判断函数单调性、极值点位置,而不是过多地关注适用面狭窄的技巧性或背诵性的部分.

(3)本题可以推广到其它各种各样的场景,比如考虑仓储成本,如何把罐头装箱可以最大化地利用空间等等. 因此在本题的场景下其实还可以设计许多开放性问题,所以应鼓励学生关注生活中的数学,提升跨学科综合素养.

(4)在人教版的《选修D类:美术中的数学》的 2.3 节中,专门介绍了建筑装饰中的密铺(见后面的图 1),而本题答案正是正密铺(或正镶嵌)中的一种. 本题意在引导学生“走出题海”,平时要多看一些与数学有关的课外科普书,提升数学方面的文化素养.

B 组习题

B组

  1. 【2022温州一模12】(多选)若函数的图象上存在两个不同的点,使得在这两点处的切线重合,则称函数“切线重合函数”,则下列函数中是“切线重合函数”的是

    <div class="choices choices--4" markdown>
    

    2. 【2026“fiddie”模拟考11】(多选)如图,\(\displaystyle \angle FID = 90^{\circ}\),半径为 \(\displaystyle r(r > 1)\) 的圆 \(\displaystyle O\)\(\displaystyle FI\)\(\displaystyle DI\) 均相切,圆 \(\displaystyle O\) 内一点 \(\displaystyle E\)\(\displaystyle FI\)\(\displaystyle DI\) 的距离均为 \(\displaystyle 1\).过 \(\displaystyle E\)\(\displaystyle OE\) 的垂线,与圆 \(\displaystyle O\) 交于点 \(\displaystyle A, B\).记劣弧 \(\displaystyle \widehat{AB}\) 与弦 \(\displaystyle AB\) 所围区域面积为 \(\displaystyle f(r)\),弦 \(\displaystyle AB\) 的长度为 \(\displaystyle g(r)\),且 \(\displaystyle f(r)\)\(\displaystyle r = r_0\) 处取到最大值,则

    <div align="center" markdown>
    

    2026fiddie11

    • \(\displaystyle |OA| < 2 + \sqrt{2}\)
    • \(\displaystyle f(2) = \pi - 2\)
    • \(\displaystyle g(r_0) < \sqrt{3}\)
    • \(\displaystyle g(r_0) = \sqrt{2}f(r_0)\)
    答案

    ABD. 因为 \(\displaystyle E\)\(\displaystyle FI\)\(\displaystyle DI\) 的距离均为 \(\displaystyle 1\),且 \(\displaystyle \angle FID = 90^{\circ}\),则 \(\displaystyle \angle DIE = 45^{\circ}\),且 \(\displaystyle |OI| = \sqrt{2}r\),\(\displaystyle |IE| = \sqrt{2}\),\(\displaystyle |OE| = \sqrt{2}(r-1)\). 由 \(\displaystyle |OE| < r\),得 \(\displaystyle r < 2+\sqrt{2}\). 故 A 选项正确.

    再设 \(\displaystyle \angle AOE = \theta\),则 \(\displaystyle \cos \theta = \frac{|OE|}{|OA|} = \frac{\sqrt{2}(r-1)}{r}\),\(\displaystyle \theta \in (0,\frac{\pi}{2})\),则 \(\displaystyle r = \frac{\sqrt{2}}{\sqrt{2} - \cos \theta}\),且 \(\displaystyle r\) 关于 \(\displaystyle \theta\) 单调递减. 而 \(\displaystyle \angle AOB = 2\theta\),\(\displaystyle \triangle AOB\) 面积为 \(\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}r^2 \sin(2\theta)\),扇形 \(\displaystyle AOB\) 面积为 \(\displaystyle \frac{2\theta}{2\pi} \cdot \pi r^2\),所以弓形区域面积为 \(\displaystyle f(r) = \frac{1}{2}r^2 (2\theta - \sin(2\theta)) = \frac{2\theta - \sin(2\theta)}{(\sqrt{2} - \cos \theta)^2} := u(\theta)\).

    \(\displaystyle r = 2\) 时,\(\displaystyle \cos \theta = \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\),\(\displaystyle \theta = \frac{\pi}{4}\),\(\displaystyle f(2) = 2(2 \times \frac{\pi}{4} - \sin \frac{\pi}{2}) = \pi - 2\). B 选项正确.

    \(\displaystyle 1 < r < 2+\sqrt{2}\) 时,\(\displaystyle \theta \in (0,\frac{\pi}{2})\),\(\displaystyle u'(\theta) = \frac{4\sin \theta (\sqrt{2}\sin \theta - \theta)}{(\sqrt{2} - \cos \theta)^3}\), 设 \(\displaystyle h(x) = \sqrt{2}\sin x - x\),\(\displaystyle x \in (0,\frac{\pi}{2})\),求导易证 \(\displaystyle h(x)\)\(\displaystyle (0,\frac{\pi}{4})\) 单调递增,在 \(\displaystyle (\frac{\pi}{4},\frac{\pi}{2})\) 单调递减.

    因为 \(\displaystyle h(0) = 0\),所以当 \(\displaystyle x \in (0,\frac{\pi}{4})\) 时,\(\displaystyle h(x) > 0\); 由 \(\displaystyle h(\frac{\pi}{3}) = \frac{\sqrt{6}}{2} - \frac{\pi}{3} > 0\),\(\displaystyle h(\frac{\pi}{2}) = \sqrt{2} - \frac{\pi}{2} < 0\),故 \(\displaystyle h(\theta)\) 有唯一零点 \(\displaystyle \theta_0\),且 \(\displaystyle \theta_0 \in (\frac{\pi}{3},\frac{\pi}{2})\). 所以 \(\displaystyle u(\theta)\)\(\displaystyle (0,\theta_0)\) 单调递增,在 \(\displaystyle (\theta_0,\frac{\pi}{2})\) 单调递减,所以 \(\displaystyle u(\theta)\) 的最大值是 \(\displaystyle u(\theta_0)\).

    于是,\(\displaystyle f(r_0) = u(\theta_0)\). 又因为 \(\displaystyle g(r_0) = |AB| = 2r_0 \sin \theta_0\),\(\displaystyle r_0 = \frac{\sqrt{2}}{\sqrt{2} - \cos \theta_0}\),所以

    $\(\displaystyle f(r_0) = u(\theta_0) &= \frac{1}{2}r_0^2(2\sqrt{2}\sin\theta_0 - 2\sin\theta_0\cos\theta_0) &= r_0\sin\theta_0 \cdot r_0(\sqrt{2}-\cos\theta_0) &= \frac{1}{2}g(r_0) \times \sqrt{2}\)$ 即 \(\displaystyle g(r_0) = \sqrt{2}f(r_0)\). 所以 D 选项正确.

    另外,又由 \(\displaystyle \theta_0 \in (\frac{\pi}{3},\frac{\pi}{2})\),得 \(\displaystyle g(r_0) = 2r_0 \sin \theta_0 > 2\sin \theta_0 > \sqrt{3}\). 故 C 选项错误.

    Fiddie评:本题改编 CMJ 840, Vol38, 2007. 在湘教版必修第二册复习题二第 16 题中,研究了将一个铁棒通过一个直角走廊. 本题的难点在于想到把 \(\displaystyle r\) 的函数改写为 \(\displaystyle \theta\) 的函数,这个思想在 2008 年江苏卷第 17 题也考查了.

    本题源于著名的“移动沙发问题”(Moving Sofa Problem):在一个宽度为 1 的平面 L 形区域中搬运一个“沙发”,这个沙发的面积的最大值是多少?

    1. 【2022全国乙卷理16】 已知\(\displaystyle x = x_1\)\(\displaystyle x = x_2\)分别是函数\(\displaystyle f\left(x\right) = 2a^{x} - \mathrm{e}x^{2}\)\(\displaystyle a > 0\)\(\displaystyle a \neq 1\))的极小值点和极大值点。若\(\displaystyle x_1 < x_2,\),求\(\displaystyle a\)的取值范围.
    2. 【2014 江苏 23】已知函数\(\displaystyle f_0\left(x\right)=\frac{\sin x}{x}\left(x>0\right)\),设\(\displaystyle f_n\left(x\right)\)\(\displaystyle f_{n-1}\left(x\right)\) 的导数,\(\displaystyle n\in\mathbb{N}^{*}\).
    3. \(\displaystyle 2f_1\left(\frac{\pi}{2}\right)+\frac{\pi}{2}f_2\left(\frac{\pi}{2}\right)\) 的值;
    4. 证明:对任意的\(\displaystyle n\in\mathbb{N}^{*}\),等式\(\displaystyle \left|nf_{n-1}\left(\frac{\pi}{4}\right)+\frac{\pi}{4}f_n\left(\frac{\pi}{4}\right)\right|=\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\) 都成立.
    5. 【2012江西理22】若函数 \(\displaystyle h(x)\) 满足

    (i) \(\displaystyle h(0)=1, h(1)=0\)

    (ii) 对任意 \(\displaystyle a \in [0,1]\), 有 \(\displaystyle h(h(a))=a\)

    (iii)在 \(\displaystyle (0,1)\) 上单调递减。

    则称 \(\displaystyle h(x)\) 为补函数. 已知函数 \(\displaystyle h(x)=\left(\frac{1-x^p}{1+\lambda x^p}\right)^{\frac{1}{p}}\) (\(\displaystyle \lambda>-1, p>0\))。

    1. 判断函数 \(\displaystyle h(x)\) 是否为补函数, 并证明你的结论;
    2. 若存在 \(\displaystyle m \in [0,1]\), 使 \(\displaystyle h(m)=m\), 称 \(\displaystyle m\) 是函数 \(\displaystyle h(x)\) 的中介元. 记 \(\displaystyle p=\frac{1}{n}\) (\(\displaystyle n \in \mathbb{N}_+\)) 时 \(\displaystyle h(x)\) 的中介元为 \(\displaystyle x_n\), 且 \(\displaystyle S_n=\sum_{i=1}^n x_i\), 若对任意的 \(\displaystyle n \in \mathbb{N}_+\), 都有 \(\displaystyle S_n<\frac{1}{2}\), 求 \(\displaystyle \lambda\) 的取值范围;
    3. \(\displaystyle \lambda=0, x \in (0,1)\) 时, 函数 \(\displaystyle y=h(x)\) 的图象总在直线 \(\displaystyle y=1-x\) 的上方, 求 \(\displaystyle p\) 的取值范围。
    4. 【2011江苏19】已知 \(\displaystyle a,b\) 是实数, 函数 \(\displaystyle f(x)=x^3+ax,g(x)=x^2+bx\), \(\displaystyle f'(x)\)\(\displaystyle g'(x)\) 分别是 \(\displaystyle f(x),g(x)\) 的导函数, 若 \(\displaystyle f'(x)g'(x) \geqslant 0\) 在区间 \(\displaystyle I\) 上恒成立, 则称 \(\displaystyle f(x)\)\(\displaystyle g(x)\) 在区间 \(\displaystyle I\) 上单调性一致.

    5. \(\displaystyle a>0\), 若函数 \(\displaystyle f(x)\)\(\displaystyle g(x)\) 在区间 \(\displaystyle [-1,+\infty)\) 上单调性一致, 求实数 \(\displaystyle b\) 的取值范围;

    6. \(\displaystyle a<0\)\(\displaystyle a \neq b\), 若 \(\displaystyle f(x)\)\(\displaystyle g(x)\) 在以 \(\displaystyle a,b\) 为端点的开区间上单调性一致, 求 \(\displaystyle |a-b|\) 的最大值.
    7. 【2026“漫游数海”(网络联考)预测卷18】
    8. 证明:当 \(\displaystyle 0 < x < \frac{\pi}{2}\) 时,\(\displaystyle \tan x > x\)
    9. 设正 \(\displaystyle n\) 棱柱 \(\displaystyle M\) 的底面多边形为 \(\displaystyle P\),\(\displaystyle P\) 的周长为 \(\displaystyle c\). 1. 设 \(\displaystyle P\) 的外接圆、内切圆周长分别为 \(\displaystyle c_1, c_2\),证明:\(\displaystyle c_1 + c_2 < 2c\)
      1. \(\displaystyle M\) 与圆柱 \(\displaystyle N\) 有相同的表面积和高,比较 \(\displaystyle M\)\(\displaystyle N\) 的体积大小.
    10. 【2018天津理20】已知函数\(\displaystyle f(x)=a^x,g(x)=\log_a x\),其中\(\displaystyle a>1\).

      1. 求函数\(\displaystyle h(x)=f(x)-x\ln a\)的单调区间;
        1. 若曲线\(\displaystyle y=f(x)\)在点\(\displaystyle (x_1,f(x_1))\)处的切线与曲线\(\displaystyle y=g(x)\)在点\(\displaystyle (x_2,g(x_2))\)处的切线平行,证明:$\(\displaystyle x_1+g(x_2)=-\frac{2\ln \ln a}{\ln a}\)$
        2. 证明:当\(\displaystyle a\geqslant \mathrm{e}^{1/\mathrm{e}}\)时,存在直线\(\displaystyle l\),使\(\displaystyle l\)是曲线\(\displaystyle y=f(x)\)的切线,也是\(\displaystyle y=g(x)\)的切线.
      2. 已知曲线\(\displaystyle C:y^3=x^3+a^3+b^3\),其中\(\displaystyle a,b>0\).

    (1)证明:曲线\(\displaystyle C\)在点\(\displaystyle (-a,b)\)处的切线方程为\(\displaystyle b^2y-a^2x=a^3+b^3\)

    (2)若\(\displaystyle a=1,b=2\),且(1)问中\(\displaystyle C\)的切线与\(\displaystyle C\)的交点为\(\displaystyle (x_0,y_0)\),证明:\(\displaystyle 7x_0^3-3x_0^2-27x_0-17=0\)

    (3)用前面小问的结论,找一组正整数\(\displaystyle p,q,r,s\),使得\(\displaystyle p^3=q^3+r^3+s^3\).

C 组习题

C组

    1. **【2023温州二模12】(多选)**已知函数$\displaystyle f(x)=(x+\frac{a}{x})\ln|x|+b(a,b\in\mathbb{R})$,则
    <div class="choices choices--4" markdown>

- $\displaystyle \exists a,\in\mathbb{R}$,使得$\displaystyle f(x)$在$\displaystyle (0,+\infty)$上单调递减
- $\displaystyle \exists a,b\in\mathbb{R}$,使得直线$\displaystyle y=2x-1$为曲线$\displaystyle y=f(x)$的切线
- $\displaystyle \exists a\in\mathbb{R}$,使得$\displaystyle b$既为$\displaystyle f(x)$的极大值也为$\displaystyle f(x)$的极小值
- $\displaystyle \exists a,b\in\mathbb{R}$,使得$\displaystyle f(x)$在$\displaystyle (0,+\infty)$上有两个不同的零点$\displaystyle x_1,x_2$,且$\displaystyle x_1x_2=1$

</div>
  1. 【2025诸暨适应性考试8】已知点\(\displaystyle P\)在圆\(\displaystyle x^2+y^2=\pi ^2\)上运动,过点\(\displaystyle P\)可以作曲线\(\displaystyle y=\sin x(-\pi\leqslant x\leqslant \pi)\)的切线,求满足上述条件的点\(\displaystyle P\)的轨迹长度.
  2. 定义集合\(\displaystyle S:=\{(x,y)\in (0,+\infty)^2 \mid x^y=y^x\}\),已知\(\displaystyle S\)中的点在平面直角坐标系中呈现为两条相交曲线,且不难看出,其中一条为\(\displaystyle C_1:y=x,x>0\),记另一条曲线为\(\displaystyle C_2\),求\(\displaystyle C_1\cap C_2\).

杂题

    1. **【2015四川理15】(多选)**已知函数 $\displaystyle f(x) = 2^x, g(x) = x^2 + ax (其中 a \in \mathbb{R})$.对于不相等的实数 $\displaystyle x_1, x_2$,设 $\displaystyle m = \frac{f(x_1) - f(x_2)}{x_1 - x_2}, n = \frac{g(x_1) - g(x_2)}{x_1 - x_2}$ ,则下列叙述正确的是

<div class="choices choices--4" markdown>

- 对任意不相等的实数 $\displaystyle x_1, x_2$,都有 $\displaystyle m > 0$
- 对于任意的 $\displaystyle a$ 及任意不相等的实数 $\displaystyle x_1, x_2$,都有 $\displaystyle n > 0$
- 对于任意的 $\displaystyle a$,存在不相等的实数 $\displaystyle x_1, x_2$,使得 $\displaystyle m = n$
- 对于任意的 $\displaystyle a$,存在不相等的实数 $\displaystyle x_1, x_2$,使得 $\displaystyle m = -n$

</div>
  1. 【2014年安徽文15】若直线 \(\displaystyle l\) 与曲线 \(\displaystyle C\) 满足下列两个条件:

    (i) 直线 \(\displaystyle l\) 在点 \(\displaystyle P(x_0, y_0)\) 处与曲线 \(\displaystyle C\) 相切;

    (ii) 曲线 \(\displaystyle C\)\(\displaystyle P\) 附近位于直线 \(\displaystyle l\) 的两侧,

    则称直线 \(\displaystyle l\) 在点 \(\displaystyle P\) 处“切过”曲线 \(\displaystyle C\).

D 组习题

D组

    1. 根据下述阅读内容回答问题

    算法是一个计算过程,该过程取某个值或值的集合作为输入并产生某个值或值的集合作为输出,例如,对于排序问题的形式定义:

    输入:$\displaystyle n$个数的一个序列$\displaystyle (a_1,a_2,\cdots,a_n)$.

    输出:输入序列的一个排列$\displaystyle (a_1',a_2',\cdots,a_n')$,满足$\displaystyle a_1'\leqslant a_2'\leqslant \cdots \leqslant a_n'$.

    我们通常关心可以正确求解问题的算法,并记其对应程序运行时间为$\displaystyle T(n)$,$\displaystyle T(n)$称为该算法的时间复杂度,这是一个关于问题输入规模$\displaystyle n$的函数.例如,对上述排序问题,基于确定性算法的快速排序的平均时间复杂度为$\displaystyle cn\log n$($\displaystyle c$是一个常数,$\displaystyle \log n$即$\displaystyle \log_2 n$),基于随机化算法的快速排序的期望时间复杂度为$\displaystyle cn\log n$,而插入排序的最坏时间复杂度为$\displaystyle cn^2$.

    我们使用渐进记号来刻画算法的运行时间,具体的,我们不关心时间复杂度的常数因子$\displaystyle c$,而只考虑它的**阶**.

    $\displaystyle \Theta$记号:$\displaystyle \Theta (g(n))=\{f(n)|\exists c_1,c_2,n_0>0,\forall n\geqslant n_0:c_1g(n)\leqslant f(n)\leqslant c_2g(n)\}$

    $\displaystyle O$记号:$\displaystyle O (g(n))=\{f(n)|\exists c,n_0>0,\forall n\geqslant n_0: f(n)\leqslant c_g(n)\}$

    我们把$\displaystyle f(n)\in O(n)$简记为$\displaystyle f(x)=O(n)$,$\displaystyle \Theta$记号同理,并记$\displaystyle \log_2n=\log n$

    (对于下述证明题,你的每一步需有理有据,但无需给出非常严谨的证明.)

    (1)证明:$\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}n^2-3n=\Theta (n^2)$;

    (2)证明:$\displaystyle \forall a>0,\log n=O(n^a)$;

    (3)证明:$\displaystyle \forall a>0,n^a=O(\mathrm{e}^n)$

    (4)证明:$\displaystyle \log (n!)=\Theta (n\log n)$;(提示:利用$\displaystyle 1-\frac{1}{x}\leqslant \ln x\leqslant x-1$)

    (5)**本题需用到极限的定义.**证明:若$\displaystyle f(n),g(n)>0,\lim\limits_{n\to +\infty}\frac{f(n)}{g(n)}=0$,则$\displaystyle f(n)=O(g(n))$;

    (6)证明:若$\displaystyle f(n),g(n)>0,\lim\limits_{n\to +\infty}\frac{f(n)}{g(n)}=c$($\displaystyle c$是一个正常数),则$\displaystyle f(n)=\Theta(g(n))$;

    (7)证明:$\displaystyle f(n)\log f(n)=\Theta (n)$的充要条件是$\displaystyle f(n)=\Theta(\frac{n}{\log n})$

    (8)根据增长的阶来排序下面的函数,即求出满足 $\displaystyle g_1 = O(g_2), g_2 = O(g_3), \dots, g_{29} = O(g_{30})$ 的函数的一种排列 $\displaystyle g_1, g_2, \dots, g_{30}$,并将这一序列划分为若干集合,函数$\displaystyle f(n)$ 和 $\displaystyle g(n)$在相同的集合中中当且仅当 $\displaystyle f(n) = \Theta(g(n))$.



| {lllllll}
 $\displaystyle 2^{2^{n+1}}$ | $\displaystyle n \lg n$ | $\displaystyle (\sqrt{2})^{\lg n}$ | $\displaystyle n^2$ | $\displaystyle n!$ | $\displaystyle (\lg n)!$ | $\displaystyle 2^n$ |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| $\displaystyle \left(\frac{3}{2}\right)^n$ | $\displaystyle n^3$ | $\displaystyle \lg^2 n$ | $\displaystyle \lg(n!)$ | $\displaystyle 2^{2^n}$ | $\displaystyle n^{1/\lg n}$ | $\displaystyle n$ |
| $\displaystyle \ln \ln n$ | $\displaystyle (n+1)!$ | $\displaystyle n \cdot 2^n$ | $\displaystyle n^{\lg \lg n}$ | $\displaystyle \ln n$ | $\displaystyle 1$ | $\displaystyle 2^{\sqrt{2 \lg n}}$ |
| $\displaystyle 2^{\lg n}$ | $\displaystyle (\lg n)^{\lg n}$ | $\displaystyle \mathrm{e}^n$ | $\displaystyle 4^{\lg n}$ | $\displaystyle \sqrt{\lg n}$ |  |  |